The year 1680 in music involved some significant events.

• Arcangelo Corelli begins his friendship with Cristiano Farinelli.
• Antonio Stradivari sets up his own business in Cremona.
• John Blow is forced out of his job as organist at Westminster Abbey, to make room for Henry Purcell.^{[citation needed]}
• Georg Muffat goes to Italy to study organ with Bernardo Pasquini.
• Johann Philipp Krieger becomes Kapellmeister of the court at Weissenfels.
• First record of the marimba in Guatemala.^{[citation needed]}

• Denis Gaultier – Livres de tablature des pièces de luth
• Ennemond Gaultier
  • Livre de musique pour le luth contenant une métode
  • Pièces de luth en musique avec des règles pour les toucher parfaitement sur le luth, et sur le clavessin

• Heinrich Biber – Mensa sonora
• Dieterich Buxtehude – Membra Jesu Nostri
• Marc-Antoine Charpentier
  • Filius prodigus
  • Leçon de ténèbres du Vendredi saint, H.105
  • Laudate pueri Dominum, H.203
  • Concert pour 4 parties de violes, H.545
• Ennemond Gaultier – Suite in D minor^{[clarification needed]}
• Johann Caspar Horn – Geistliche Harmonien
• Charles Mouton – Pièces de luth sur différents modes
• Henry Purcell
  • Beati omnes qui timent Dominum, Z.131
  • Fantasias and In Nomines, Z.732-747
  • Pavane and Chaconne in G minor, Z.752 (Pavane) and Z.730 (Chaconne)
  • 12 Sonatas of Three Parts, Z.790-801
• Sebastian Anton Scherer – 14 Sonatas, Op.3
• Johann Heinrich Schmelzer – Lamento sopra la morte di Ferdinand III (Published in the Rost Codex)
• Giovanni Battista Vitali – Partite sopra diverse sonate

• Pietro Simone Agostini – Il ratto delle Sabine
• Jean-Baptiste Lully – Proserpine
• Antonio Sartorio – La Flora
• Alessandro Scarlatti – L'honestà negli amori

• April 19 – Johann Friedrich Helbig, hymnist (died 1722)
• May 6 – Jean-Baptiste Stuck, cellist and composer (died 1755)
• September 29 – Christian Friedrich Hunold, librettist (died 1721)
• November 18 (baptised) – Jean-Baptiste Loeillet, composer (died 1730)
• December 11 – Emanuele d'Astorga, composer (died 1736)
• date unknown
  • Louis de Caix d'Hervelois, composer (died 1759)
  • François Campion, guitarist and composer
  • Giovanni Antonio Guido, violinist and composer (died 1729)

• March 20 – Johann Heinrich Schmelzer, violinist (born 1623)
• April 1 – David Denicke, hymnist (b. 1603)
• May 31 – Joachim Neander, hymn-writer (b. 1650)
• September 10 – Baldassare Ferri, castrato singer (born 1610)
• October 13
  • Lelio Colista, composer and lutenist (b. 1629)
  • François Roberday, organist and composer (b. 1624)
• November 27 – Athanasius Kircher, composer and polymath (born 1602)
• December 10 – Marco Uccellini, violinist and composer
• December 30 – Antonio Sartorio, composer (born 1630)
• date unknown
  • Kancherla Gopanna, composer of Carnatic music (born c.1620)
  • Maria Francesca Nascinbeni, composer (born c.1640)
  • Francisco de Trillo y Figueroa, poet and lyricist (born 1618)