April_19
April 19
Day of the year
For the town in Uruguay, see 19 de Abril.
April 19 is the 109th day of the year (110th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 256 days remain until the end of the year.
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Pre-1600
- AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all of the conspirators are arrested.[1]
- 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria).[2]
- 1506 – The Lisbon Massacre begins, in which accused Jews are slaughtered by Portuguese Catholics.[3]
- 1529 – Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: After the Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.
- 1539 – The Treaty of Frankfurt between Protestants and the Holy Roman Emperor is signed.[4]
1601–1900
- 1608 – In Ireland, O'Doherty's Rebellion is launched by the Burning of Derry.[5]
- 1677 – The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.[6]
- 1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, Maria Theresa, was not born until 1717.[7]
- 1770 – Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.[8]
- 1770 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI of France in a proxy wedding.[9]
- 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The war begins with an American victory in Concord during the battles of Lexington and Concord.[10]
- 1782 – John Adams secures Dutch recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague becomes the first American embassy.[11]
- 1809 – An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
- 1810 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed.
- 1818 – French physicist Augustin Fresnel signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the Fresnel integrals.
- 1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guarantees its neutrality.
- 1861 – American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
1901–present
- 1903 – The Kishinev pogrom in Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world.
- 1927 – Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.
- 1936 – The Jaffa riots commence, initiating the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.[12]
- 1942 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp.
- 1943 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after German troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews.
- 1943 – Albert Hofmann deliberately doses himself with LSD for the first time, three days after having discovered its effects on April 16, an event commonly known and celebrated as Bicycle Day.
- 1956 – Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco.
- 1960 – Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
- 1971 – Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president.
- 1971 – Launch of Salyut 1, the first space station.
- 1971 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for conspiracy in the Tate–LaBianca murders.
- 1973 – The Portuguese Socialist Party is founded in the German town of Bad Münstereifel.
- 1975 – India's first satellite Aryabhata launched in orbit from Kapustin Yar, Russia.
- 1975 – South Vietnamese forces withdrew from the town of Xuan Loc in the last major battle of the Vietnam War.[13]
- 1976 – A violent F5 tornado strikes around Brownwood, Texas, injuring 11 people. Two people were thrown at least 1,000 yards (910 m) by the tornado and survived uninjured.[14][15]
- 1984 – Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
- 1985 – Two hundred ATF and FBI agents lay siege to the compound of the white supremacist survivalist group The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord in Arkansas; the CSA surrenders two days later.
- 1987 – The Simpsons first appear as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, first starting with "Good Night".
- 1989 – A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.
- 1993 – The 51-day FBI siege of the Branch Davidian building in Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Seventy-six Davidians, including 18 children under age 10, died in the fire.
- 1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, USA, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six.
- 1999 – The German Bundestag returns to Berlin.
- 2000 – Air Philippines Flight 541 crashes in Samal, Davao del Norte, killing all 131 people on board.[16]
- 2001 – Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-100 carrying the Canadarm2 to the International Space Station.[17]
- 2005 – Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected to the papacy and becomes Pope Benedict XVI.
- 2011 – Fidel Castro resigns as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba after holding the title since July 1961.
- 2013 – Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of Watertown.
- 2020 – A killing spree in Nova Scotia, Canada, leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history.[18][19]
- 2021 – The Ingenuity helicopter becomes the first aircraft to achieve flight on another planet.[20]
Pre-1600
- 1452 – Frederick IV, King of Naples (d. 1504)[21]
- 1593 – Sir John Hobart, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1647)[22]
1601–1900
- 1603 – Michel Le Tellier, French politician, French Minister of Defence (d. 1685)[23]
- 1613 – Christoph Bach, German musician (d. 1661)[24]
- 1633 – Willem Drost, Dutch painter (d. 1659)[25]
- 1655 – George St Lo(e), Royal Navy officer and administrator (d. 1718)[26]
- 1658 – Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, German husband of Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria (d. 1716)[27]
- 1665 – Jacques Lelong, French author (d. 1721)[28]
- 1686 – Vasily Tatishchev, Russian ethnographer and politician (d. 1750)
- 1715 – James Nares, English organist and composer (d. 1783)
- 1721 – Roger Sherman, American lawyer and politician (d. 1793)
- 1734 – Karl von Ordóñez, Austrian violinist and composer (d. 1786)
- 1757 – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, English admiral and politician (d. 1833)
- 1758 – William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk, Scottish admiral (d. 1831)
- 1785 – Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French pianist and composer (d. 1858)
- 1787 – Deaf Smith, American soldier (d. 1837)
- 1793 – Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
- 1806 – Sarah Bagley, American labor organizer (d. 1889)
- 1814 – Louis Amédée Achard, French journalist and author (d. 1875)
- 1831 – Mary Louise Booth, American writer, editor and translator (d. 1889)[29]
- 1832 – José Echegaray, Spanish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
- 1835 – Julius Krohn, Finnish poet and journalist (d. 1888)
- 1863 – Hemmo Kallio, Finnish actor (d. 1940)
- 1872 – Alice Salomon, German social reformer (d. 1948)[30]
- 1873 – Sydney Barnes, English cricketer (d. 1967)
- 1874 – Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (d. 1952)
- 1877 – Ole Evinrude, Norwegian-American engineer, invented the outboard motor (d. 1934)
- 1879 – Arthur Robertson, Scottish runner (d. 1957)
- 1882 – Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th President of Brazil (d. 1954)
- 1883 – Henry Jameson, American soccer player (d. 1938)
- 1883 – Richard von Mises, Austrian-American mathematician and physicist (d. 1953)
- 1885 – Karl Tarvas, Estonian architect (d. 1975)
- 1889 – Otto Georg Thierack, German jurist and politician (d. 1946)[31]
- 1891 – Françoise Rosay, French actress (d. 1974)
- 1892 – Germaine Tailleferre, French composer and educator (d. 1983)[32]
- 1894 – Elizabeth Dilling, American author and activist (d. 1966)
- 1897 – Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1970)
- 1897 – Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese super-centenarian, oldest verified man ever (d. 2013)
- 1898 – Constance Talmadge, American actress and producer (d. 1973)
- 1899 – George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985)
- 1899 – Cemal Tollu, Turkish lieutenant and painter (d. 1968)
- 1900 – Iracema de Alencar, Brazilian film actress (d. 1978)
- 1900 – Richard Hughes, English author, poet, and playwright (d. 1976)
- 1900 – Roland Michener, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Governor General of Canada (d. 1991)
- 1900 – Rhea Silberta, American Yiddish songwriter and singing teacher (d. 1959)
1901–present
- 1902 – Veniamin Kaverin, Russian author and screenwriter (d. 1989)
- 1903 – Eliot Ness, American law enforcement agent (d. 1957)[33]
- 1908 – Irena Eichlerówna, Polish actress (d. 1990)
- 1912 – Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- 1913 – Ken Carpenter, American discus thrower and coach (d. 1984)
- 1917 – Sven Hassel, Danish-German soldier and author (d. 2012)
- 1919 – Sol Kaplan, American pianist and composer (d. 1990)
- 1920 – Marvin Mandel, American lawyer and politician, 56th Governor of Maryland (d. 2015)[34]
- 1920 – Julien Ries, Belgian cardinal (d. 2013)
- 1920 – Ragnar Ulstein, Norwegian journalist and war historian (d. 2019)[35]
- 1921 – Anna Lee Aldred, American jockey (d. 2006)[36]
- 1921 – Leon Henkin, American logician (d. 2006)[37]
- 1921 – Roberto Tucci, Italian Jesuit leader, cardinal, and theologian (d. 2015)
- 1922 – Erich Hartmann, German colonel and pilot (d. 1993)
- 1922 – David Smith, politician in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe (d. 1996)
- 1925 – John Kraaijkamp, Sr., Dutch actor (d. 2011)
- 1925 – Hugh O'Brian, American actor (d. 2016)
- 1926 – Rawya Ateya, Egyptian captain and politician (d. 1997)
- 1928 – John Horlock, English engineer and academic (d. 2015)[38]
- 1928 – Azlan Shah of Perak, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (d. 2014)
- 1931 – Walter Stewart, Canadian journalist and author (d. 2004)
- 1932 – Fernando Botero, Colombian painter and sculptor (d. 2023)
- 1933 – Jayne Mansfield, American model and actress (d. 1967)[39]
- 1934 – Dickie Goodman, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 1989)
- 1935 – Dudley Moore, English actor, comedian, and pianist (d. 2002)[40]
- 1935 – Justin Francis Rigali, American cardinal
- 1936 – Wilfried Martens, Belgian politician, 60th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2013)
- 1936 – Jack Pardee, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
- 1937 – Antonio Carluccio, Italian-English chef and author (d. 2017)[41]
- 1937 – Elinor Donahue, American actress
- 1937 – Joseph Estrada, Filipino politician, 13th President of the Philippines
- 1938 – Stanley Fish, American theorist, author, and scholar
- 1939 – Clay Shaw, American accountant, judge, and politician (d. 2013)[42]
- 1941 – Michel Roux, French-English chef and author (d. 2020)
- 1941 – Bobby Russell, American singer-songwriter (d. 1992)
- 1942 – Alan Price, English keyboard player, singer, and composer
- 1943 – Margo MacDonald, Scottish journalist and politician (d. 2014)[43]
- 1944 – James Heckman, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1944 – Bernie Worrell, American keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2016)[44]
- 1946 – Tim Curry, English actor and singer[45][46]
- 1951 – Jóannes Eidesgaard, Faroese educator and politician, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
- 1952 – Simon Cowell, English conservationist and author[47][48]
- 1954 – Trevor Francis, English footballer and manager (d. 2023)
- 1956 – Anne Glover, Scottish biologist and academic
- 1957 – Mukesh Ambani, Indian businessman, chairman of Reliance Industries[49][50]
- 1960 – Ara Gevorgyan, Armenian pianist, composer, and producer
- 1960 – Frank Viola, American baseball player and coach[51]
- 1964 – Kim Weaver, American astrophysicist, astronomer, and academic
- 1965 – Suge Knight, American record executive[52]
- 1966 – Véronique Gens, French soprano and actress
- 1968 – Ashley Judd, American actress[53]
- 1968 – Mswati III, King (Ngwenyama) of Eswatini (Swaziland)[54]
- 1970 – Kelly Holmes, English athlete and double Olympic champion
- 1972 – Rivaldo Vitor Borba Ferreira, Brazilian footballer[55]
- 1978 – James Franco, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1978 – Amanda Sage, American-Austrian painter and educator
- 1979 – Kate Hudson, American actress[56]
- 1981 – Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor[57]
- 1981 – Lise Klaveness, Norwegian footballer and lawyer, president of the Norwegian Football Federation[58]
- 1981 – Troy Polamalu, American football player[59]
- 1982 – Samuel C. Morrison, Jr., Liberian-American journalist, producer, and screenwriter
- 1982 – Ali Wong, American comedian and actress[60]
- 1983 – Joe Mauer, American baseball player[61]
- 1986 – Candace Parker, American basketball player[62]
- 1987 – Joe Hart, English footballer[63]
- 1987 – Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player[64]
- 1989 – Simu Liu, Canadian actor[65]
- 1990 – Jackie Bradley Jr., American baseball player[66]
- 1990 – Kim Chiu, Filipino actress, singer, and dancer[67]
- 1991 – Kelly Olynyk, Canadian basketball player[68]
- 2002 – Loren Gray, American singer and internet personality[69]
Pre-1600
- 843 – Judith of Bavaria, Frankish empress
- 1012 – Ælfheah of Canterbury, English archbishop and saint (b. 954)
- 1013 – Hisham II, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (b. 966)
- 1044 – Gothelo I, duke of Lorraine
- 1054 – Leo IX, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1002)
- 1321 – Gerasimus I, patriarch of Constantinople
- 1390 – Robert II, king of Scotland (b. 1316)
- 1405 – Thomas West, 1st Baron West, English nobleman (b. 1335)[70]
- 1431 – Adolph III, count of Waldeck (b. 1362)
- 1560 – Philip Melanchthon, German theologian and reformer (b. 1497)
- 1567 – Michael Stifel, German monk and mathematician (b. 1487)
- 1578 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1530)
- 1588 – Paolo Veronese, Italian painter (b. 1528)
1601–1900
- 1608 – Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English poet, playwright, and politician, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1536)
- 1618 – Thomas Bastard, English priest and author (b. 1566)
- 1619 – Jagat Gosain, Mughal empress (b. 1573)[71]
- 1629 – Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (b. 1582)
- 1686 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish historian and playwright (b. 1610)
- 1689 – Christina, queen of Sweden (b. 1626)
- 1733 – Elizabeth Hamilton, countess of Orkney (b. 1657)
- 1739 – Nicholas Saunderson, English mathematician and academic (b. 1682)
- 1768 – Canaletto, Italian painter and etcher (b. 1697)
- 1776 – Jacob Emden, German rabbi and author (b. 1697)
- 1791 – Richard Price, Welsh-English preacher and philosopher (b. 1723)
- 1813 – Benjamin Rush, American physician and educator (b. 1745)
- 1824 – Lord Byron, English-Scottish poet and playwright (b. 1788)
- 1831 – Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1765)
- 1833 – James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier, Bahamian-English admiral and politician, 36th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1756)
- 1840 – Jean-Jacques Lartigue, Canadian bishop (b. 1777)
- 1854 – Robert Jameson, Scottish mineralogist and academic (b. 1774)
- 1881 – Benjamin Disraeli, English journalist and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
- 1882 – Charles Darwin, English biologist and theorist (b. 1809)
- 1893 – Martin Körber, Estonian-German pastor, composer, and conductor (b. 1817)
1901–present
- 1901 – Alfred Horatio Belo, American publisher, founded The Dallas Morning News (b. 1839)
- 1903 – Oliver Mowat, Canadian politician, third Premier of Ontario, eighth Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (b. 1820)[72]
- 1906 – Pierre Curie, French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
- 1906 – Spencer Gore, English tennis player and cricketer (b. 1850)
- 1909 – Signe Rink, Greenland-born Danish writer and ethnologist (b. 1836)
- 1914 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American mathematician and philosopher (b. 1839)
- 1915 – Thomas Playford II, English-Australian politician, 17th Premier of South Australia (b. 1837)
- 1916 – Ephraim Shay, American engineer, designed the Shay locomotive (b. 1839)
- 1926 – Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Russian-Swiss statistician and theorist (b. 1874)
- 1930 – Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1827)
- 1937 – Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington, English cartographer and politician (b. 1856)
- 1937 – William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist and zoologist (b. 1865)
- 1940 – Jack McNeela, Irish Republican died on hunger strike[73]
- 1941 – Johanna Müller-Hermann, Austrian composer (b. 1878)
- 1949 – Ulrich Salchow, Danish-Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
- 1950 – Ernst Robert Curtius, French-German philologist and scholar (b. 1886)
- 1952 – Steve Conway, British singer (b. 1921)[74]
- 1955 – Jim Corbett, British-Indian colonel, hunter, and author (b. 1875)
- 1960 – Beardsley Ruml, American economist and statistician (b. 1894)
- 1961 – Max Hainle, German swimmer (b. 1882)
- 1966 – Väinö Tanner, Finnish politician of Social Democratic Party of Finland; the Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1881)[75]
- 1967 – Konrad Adenauer, German politician, 1st Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
- 1971 – Luigi Piotti, Italian race car driver (b. 1913)
- 1975 – Percy Lavon Julian, American chemist and academic (b. 1899)
- 1988 – Kwon Ki-ok, Korean pilot (b. 1901)[76]
- 1989 – Daphne du Maurier, English novelist and playwright (b. 1907)[77]
- 1991 – Stanley Hawes, English-Australian director and producer (b. 1905)
- 1992 – Frankie Howerd, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1917)[78]
- 1993 – David Koresh, American cult leader (b. 1959)
- 1993 – George S. Mickelson, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 28th Governor of South Dakota (b. 1941)
- 1998 – Octavio Paz, Mexican poet, philosopher, and academic Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
- 1999 – Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian-German SS officer (b. 1919)
- 2000 – Louis Applebaum, Canadian composer and conductor (b. 1918)
- 2002 – Reginald Rose, American writer (b. 1920)
- 2004 – Norris McWhirter, English author and activist co-founded the Guinness World Records (b. 1925)
- 2004 – John Maynard Smith, English biologist and geneticist (b. 1920)
- 2004 – Jenny Pike, Canadian WWII servicewoman and photographer (b. 1922)[79]
- 2006 – Albert Scott Crossfield, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1921)
- 2007 – Jean-Pierre Cassel, French actor (b. 1932)
- 2009 – J. G. Ballard, English novelist, short story writer, and essayist (b. 1930)
- 2011 – Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (b. 1946)[80]
- 2012 – Levon Helm, American musician and actor (b. 1940)[81]
- 2013 – François Jacob, French biologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
- 2013 – Al Neuharth, American journalist, author, and publisher, founded USA Today (b. 1924)
- 2015 – Raymond Carr, English historian and academic (b. 1919)
- 2015 – Roy Mason, English miner and politician, Secretary of State for Defence (b. 1924)[82]
- 2016 – Patricio Aylwin, Chilean politician (b. 1918)[83]
- 2017 – Lu Chao-Hsuan, Taiwanese guitarist, performer and educator. (b. 1929)[84]
- 2021 – Walter Mondale, American politician, 42nd Vice President of the United States (b. 1928)[85]
- 2021 – Jim Steinman, American composer, lyricist (b. 1947)[86][87]
- 2022 – Kane Tanaka, Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1903)[88][89]
- 2023 – Moonbin, South Korean singer and actor (b. 1998)[90][91]
- 2024 – Daniel Dennett, American philosopher and author (b. 1942)[92]
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- Irfan Shahid; Irfan Shahîd (1995). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-88402-214-5.
- Paulo Mendes Pinto; Susana Bastos Mateus (2 September 2014). The Massacre of the Jews: Lisbon April 19, 1506. Alêtheia Editores. p. 28. ISBN 978-989-622-665-7.
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- McCavitt p.115
- John Ruler (2011). Cross-Channel France: Nord-Pas de Calais - The Land Beyond the Ports. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-84162-327-6.
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- William Shurtleff; Akiko Aoyagi (4 November 2014). Early History of Soybeans and Soyfoods Worldwide (1024 BCE to 1899):: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook. Soyinfo Center. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-928914-69-3.
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- Veith, George (2012). Black April The Fall of South Vietnam 1973–75. Encounter Books. p. 465. ISBN 9781594035722.
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - National Climatic Data Center; National Centers for Environmental Information. "Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado (Brown County)". Storm Event Database. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
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- Philipp Spitta (1 January 1992). Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685-1750. Courier Corporation. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-486-27412-6.
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- John Hutchins; William Shipp; James Whitworth Hodson (1973). The history and antiquities of the county of Dorset. EP Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 9780854099740.
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1983). Alle de brieven van Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: 1695-1696. N. v. Swets & Zeitlinger. p. 339.
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- "Mary Louise Booth: American Journalist". Encyclopedia Britannica. February 10, 2000. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- Schlör, Joachim (2005). Das Ich der Stadt: Debatten über Judentum und Urbanität, 1822-1938 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 359. ISBN 978-3-52556-990-0.
- Pauer-Studer, Herlinde; Velleman, J. David (2015). Konrad Morgan: The Conscience of a Nazi Judge. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-137-49694-2.
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- Kjølås, Harald (August 2023). "Ragnar Ulstein". In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
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- "UC Berkeley mathematics professor dies". Oroville Mercury-Register. November 24, 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011.
- Dalyell, Tam (7 June 2015). "Sir John Horlock: Engineer who led campaign to prevent closure of the Open University". Independent. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
- "Jayne Mansfield is Killed in Early Morning Smash Up on Narrow Louisiana Road". St. Petersburg Times. June 30, 1967.
Born Vera Jayne Palmer in Bryn Mawr, Pa., April 19, 1933, Miss Mansfield grew up in Phillipsburg, N.J.,
[permanent dead link] - "Obituaries: Dudley Moore". The Daily Telegraph. 22 March 2002. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
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