Growing state intervention in education has been, in part at least, a response to globalization. Increasing global integration has at least partially demolished the walls around national economies and made it more difficult for governments to protect industries against foreign competition. One of the few ways in which governments can increase the international competitiveness is through investment in humans by putting resources into education and training. This particularly applies to the old industrial societies. Their traditional manufacturing industries cannot compete with those of developing countries where labour costs are far lower. This also applies to clerical work and data processing. The industrial societies can compete only by upgrading their skills and improving their knowledge and experience. This also means that it is the more highly educated members of these societies who will flourish. According to a study, those who can only do routine production and service work will lose out, while it is the highly educated 'symbolic analysts' ─ scientists, consultants, engineers, financial experts, and all those who can manipulate oral and visible symbols ─ whose skills and knowledge are in global demand. The implication is that inequality will be more related to the level of education than ever before.