The year 1709 in music involved some significant events.

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• Johann Georg Pisendel leaves his post in the court orchestra of Ansbach to travel to Leipzig, meeting Johann Sebastian Bach en route.
• Antonio Stradivari makes the Viotti Stradivarius.

• "Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre"

• William Babell – The Third Book of the Ladys Entertainment
• Johann Sebastian Bach
  • Alla breve in D major, BWV 589
  • Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 895
  • Fugue in A major on a Theme by Tomaso Albinoni, BWV 950 (approximate date)
• Giovanni Battista Bassani – Acroama missale
• Antonio Maria Bononcini – La decollazione di S. Giovanni Batista
• Juan Cabanilles – Flores de Música
• Antonio Caldara – Il nome più glorioso
• Louis-Antoine Dornel – Livre de simphonies contenant six suites en trio avec une sonate en quatuor, Op. 1
• Francesco Nicola Fago – Il Faraone Sommerso
• Francesco Gasparini – L'Oracolo del Fato
• Christoph Graupner
  • Die Krankheit so mich drückt, GWV 1155/09b
  • Siehe selig ist der Mensch, GWV 1162/09
  • Diese Zeit ist ein Spiel der Eitelkeit, GWV 1165/09
  • (see List of cantatas by Christoph Graupner)
• George Frideric Handel
  • Irene, idolo mio, HWV 120b
  • Lungi da me, pensier tiranno, HWV 125b
  • Lungi da voi, che siete poli, HWV 126c
  • Mi palpita il cor, HWV 132
  • Pensieri notturni di Filli, HWV 134
  • Solitudini care, amata libertà, HWV 163
• Francesco Onofrio Manfredini – 12 Sinfonie da chiesa, Op.2
• Michel Montéclair – Cantata: La Mort de Didon
• Jacques Morel [fr] – Pièces de violle, Livre 1
• James Paisible - The Royal Portuguez. Mr. Isaac's new dance made for Her Majesty's Birthday 1709...
• Johann Christoph Pepusch – 6 Recorder Sonatas, Op.2a
• Giovanni Battista Reali – 10 Trio Sonatas, Op.1
• Agostino Steffani – Amor vien dal destino (Il turno)
• Giuseppe Torelli – Concerti Grossi, Op. 8: no 6 in G minor "Christmas Concerto", published posthumously
• Antonio Vivaldi – 12 Violin Sonatas, Op.2
• Jan Dismas Zelenka – Immisit Dominus pestilentiam, ZWV 58

• Emanuele d'Astorga – Dafne
• Michele Falco – Lo Lollo pisciaportelle
• George Frideric Handel – Agrippina HWV 6^[1]
• Marin Marais – Sémélé^[2]
• Giuseppe Maria Orlandini – L'odio e l'amore
• Agostino Steffani – Tassilone

• January 1 – Johann Heinrich Hartmann Bätz, organ builder (died 1770)
• January 24 – Dom Bédos de Celles, Benedictine monk and pipe organ builder (died 1779)
• February 16 (baptised) – Charles Avison, composer and organist (died 1770)
• March 27 – William Flackton, viola player and composer (died 1798)
• April 14 – Charles Collé, songwriter and dramatist (died 1783)
• June 25 – Francesco Araja, composer (died 1762–1770)
• August 8 – Hermann Anton Gelinek, monk and musician (died 1779)
• October 25 – Georg Gebel (the younger), composer (died 1753)
• November 22 – Franz Benda, violinist and composer (died 1786)
• December 1 – František Xaver Richter, composer (died 1789)
• date unknown – Christoph Schaffrath, composer (died 1763)
• probable – Richard Charke, violinist, composer, operatic baritone, and playwright (died c. 1738)

• February 8 – Giuseppe Torelli, violinist and composer (born 1658)
• July 17 – Pascal Collasse, composer (baptized 1649)
• date unknown
  • Cristofaro Caresana, operatic tenor, organist and composer (born c.1640)
  • Giovanni Grancino, luthier (born 1637)