Tin(II)_oxide

Tin(II) oxide

Tin(II) oxide

Chemical compound, stannous oxide (SnO)

"SnO" redirects here. For other uses, see SnO (disambiguation).

Tin(II) oxide (stannous oxide) is a compound with the formula SnO. It is composed of tin and oxygen where tin has the oxidation state of +2. There are two forms, a stable blue-black form and a metastable red form.

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Preparation and reactions

Tin(II) oxide burning

Blue-black SnO can be produced by heating the tin(II) oxide hydrate, SnO·xH2O (x<1) precipitated when a tin(II) salt is reacted with an alkali hydroxide such as NaOH.[4]
Metastable, red SnO can be prepared by gentle heating of the precipitate produced by the action of aqueous ammonia on a tin(II) salt.[4]
SnO may be prepared as a pure substance in the laboratory, by controlled heating of tin(II) oxalate (stannous oxalate) in the absence of air or under a CO2 atmosphere. This method is also applied to the production of ferrous oxide and manganous oxide.[5][6]

SnC2O4·2H2O → SnO + CO2 + CO + 2 H2O

Tin(II) oxide burns in air with a dim green flame to form SnO2.[4]

2 SnO + O2 → 2 SnO2

When heated in an inert atmosphere initially disproportionation occurs giving Sn metal and Sn3O4 which further reacts to give SnO2 and Sn metal.[4]

4SnO → Sn3O4 + Sn
Sn3O4 → 2SnO2 + Sn

SnO is amphoteric, dissolving in strong acid to give tin(II) salts and in strong base to give stannites containing Sn(OH)3−.[4] It can be dissolved in strong acid solutions to give the ionic complexes Sn(OH2)32+ and Sn(OH)(OH2)2+, and in less acid solutions to give Sn3(OH)42+.[4] Note that anhydrous stannites, e.g. K2Sn2O3, K2SnO2 are also known.[7][8][9] SnO is a reducing agent and is thought to reduce copper(I) to metallic clusters in the manufacture of so-called "copper ruby glass".[10]

Structure

Black, α-SnO adopts the tetragonal PbO layer structure containing four coordinate square pyramidal tin atoms.[11] This form is found in nature as the rare mineral romarchite.[12] The asymmetry is usually simply ascribed to a sterically active lone pair; however, electron density calculations show that the asymmetry is caused by an antibonding interaction of the Sn(5s) and the O(2p) orbitals.[13] The electronic structure and chemistry of the lone pair determines most of the properties of the material.[14]

Non-stoichiometry has been observed in SnO.[15]

The electronic band gap has been measured between 2.5eV and 3eV.[16]

Uses

The dominant use of stannous oxide is as a precursor in manufacturing of other, typically divalent, tin compounds or salts. Stannous oxide may also be employed as a reducing agent and in the creation of ruby glass.[17] It has a minor use as an esterification catalyst.

Cerium(III) oxide in ceramic form, together with Tin(II) oxide (SnO) is used for illumination with UV light.[18]

References

  1. [1]
    Tin and Inorganic Tin Compounds: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 65, (2005), World Health Organization
  2. [2]
    Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
  3. [3]
    NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0615". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. [4]
    Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5
  5. [5]
    Satya Prakash (2000),Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: V. 1, S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0263-0
  6. [6]
    Arthur Sutcliffe (1930) Practical Chemistry for Advanced Students (1949 Ed.), John Murray - London.
  7. [7]
    Braun, Rolf Michael; Hoppe, Rudolf (1978). "The First Oxostannate(II): K2Sn2O3". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 17 (6): 449–450. doi:10.1002/anie.197804491.
  8. [8]
    Braun, R. M.; Hoppe, R. (1982). "Über Oxostannate(II). III. K2Sn2O3, Rb2Sn2O3 und Cs2Sn2O3 - ein Vergleich". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 485: 15–22. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824850103.
  9. [9]
    R M Braun R Hoppe Z. Naturforsch. (1982), 37B, 688-694
  10. [10]
    Bring, T.; Jonson, B.; Kloo, L.; Rosdahl, J; Wallenberg, R. (2007), "Colour development in copper ruby alkali silicate glasses. Part I: The impact of tin oxide, time and temperature", Glass Technology, Eur. J. Glass Science & Technology, Part A, 48 (2): 101–108, ISSN 1753-3546
  11. [11]
    Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
  12. [12]
    Ramik, R. A.; Organ, R. M.; Mandarino, J. A. (2003). "On Type Romarchite and Hydroromarchite from Boundary Falls, Ontario, and Notes on Other Occurrences". The Canadian Mineralogist. 41 (3): 649–657. Bibcode:2003CaMin..41..649R. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.3.649.
  13. [13]
    Walsh, Aron; Watson, Graeme W. (2004). "Electronic structures of rocksalt, litharge, and herzenbergite SnO by density functional theory". Physical Review B. 70 (23): 235114. Bibcode:2004PhRvB..70w5114W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.235114.
  14. [14]
    Mei, Antonio B.; Miao, Ludi; Wahila, Matthew J.; Khalsa, Guru; Wang, Zhe; Barone, Matthew; Schreiber, Nathaniel J.; Noskin, Lindsey E.; Paik, Hanjong; Tiwald, Thomas E.; Zheng, Qiye (2019-10-21). "Adsorption-controlled growth and properties of epitaxial SnO films". Physical Review Materials. 3 (10): 105202. Bibcode:2019PhRvM...3j5202M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.105202. S2CID 208008118.
  15. [15]
    Moreno, M. S.; Varela, A.; Otero-Díaz, L. C. (1997). "Cation nonstoichiometry in tin-monoxide-phaseSn1−δOwith tweed microstructure". Physical Review B. 56 (9): 5186–5192. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.56.5186.
  16. [16]
    Science and Technology of Chemiresistor Gas Sensors By Dinesh K. Aswal, Shiv K. Gupta (2006), Nova Publishers, ISBN 1-60021-514-9
  17. [17]
    "Red Glass Coloration - A Colorimetric and Structural Study" By Torun Bring. Pub. Vaxjo University.
  18. [18]
    Peplinski, D.R.; Wozniak, W.T.; Moser, J.B. (1980). "Spectral Studies of New Luminophors for Dental Porcelain" (PDF). Journal of Dental Research. 59 (9). Jdr.iadrjournals.org: 1501–1506. doi:10.1177/00220345800590090801. PMID 6931128. S2CID 20191368. Retrieved 2012-04-05.[permanent dead link]
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