Tiantai_dialect
Tiantai dialect
Wu dialect spoken in Taizhou, China
The Tiantai dialect, also known as Tiantaihua (simplified Chinese: 天台话; traditional Chinese: 天台話; pinyin: Tiāntāihuà; Tiantai dialect pronunciation: [tʰi.tʰai.u]) is a regiolect of Wu Chinese in the Taizhou Wu dialect group. It is spoken in Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang province, China.
| Tiantai Dialect | |
|---|---|
| 天台話 / 天台话 | |
| Pronunciation | Tiantai Dialect: [tʰi.tʰai.u] |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Like other dialects in the Wu family, Tiantaihua has a three-way contrast between voiced, unaspirated voiceless, and aspirated initial consonants (e.g., /t tʰ d/), preserving an earlier feature of Chinese which Mandarin has collapsed into a two-way distinction.
| Tiantai dialect | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 天台話 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 天台话 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
The Tiantai dialect is the main representative of the northern Taizhou dialect family.
The meaning of many common words and phrases in the Tiantai dialect differs from that of Standard Chinese. Below is a list of common differences:
| Chinese word | Original meaning | Meaning in the Tiantai dialect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 味道 | Taste | Comfort, enjoyment | [1] |
| 老實好 | Honestly good | Praise, very good | |
| 煞夾 | Tightly squeezed | Very powerful | |
| 老官 | Veteran official | Husband | |
| 天亮 | Sunrise, dawn | Tomorrow | |
| 拔好 | Properly pulled | Immediately | |
| 活動 | Activity | Smart, intelligent | |
| 壽 | Longevity | Silliness, lack of empathy | [2] |
| 賴 | Sloppy | Bad behaviour | [3] |
| 大慧 | Very intelligent | Able person | [4] |
| 大吹 | Big blow | Stupid person | [5] |
Proverbs and phrases in the Tiantai dialect can be shorter in comparison with the corresponding phrase in Standard Chinese. For example, the phrase "露出馬腳" (literally "exposing the cloven hoof", metaphorically "exposed") is shortened to the phrase "出腳", literally meaning "taking the foot out".[1]
Sentences can be shorter as well; see the example below.[6]
| Original | Chinese | 和 | 小王 | 比起來 | ， | 還是 | 小李 | 高 | 。 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Literal | As | John | compared to | , | it's still | Terry | taller | . | ||
| Rearranged | As | compared to John | (who is) | ||||||||
| Contracted | Literal | it's |
Terry | taller | |||||||
| Chinese | 小王 | 是 | 小李 | 長 | 。 | ||||||
| Person | Regular Chinese pronoun | English equivalent | Tiantai dialect pronoun(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | 我 | I | 我 |
| 2nd person singular | 你 | you (singular) | 爾[n 1] |
| 3rd person singular | 他 | he | 佢／渠[n 2] |
| 她 | she | ||
| 牠 | it (animals) | ||
| 它 | it (objects) | ||
| 1st person plural | 我們 | we | 我等／我拉／我拉個／項等 |
| 2nd person plural | 你們 | you (plural) | 爾拉／爾拉個 |
| 3rd person plural | 他們 | they | 佢拉／佢拉個／渠拉／渠拉個 |
| 她們 | |||
| 牠們 | |||
| 它們 |
- The word "爾" stands for "you" in middle Chinese.
- These words are thought to have come from the word "其", a 3rd person pronoun in Middle Chinese.
Initials
| Consonant | Voiceless unaspirated plosive | Voiceless aspirated plosive | Plosive voiced | Voiceless fricative | Voiced fricative | Glottalised?[citation needed] half voiced | Half voiced | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consonant | Example | Consonant | Example | Consonant | Example | Consonant | Example | Consonant | Example | Consonant | Example | Consonant | Example | |
| Labial | p | 幫 | ph | 滂 | b | 平 | f 敷 | 敷 | v | 奉 | 'm | 媽 | m | 明 |
| Dental | ts | 知 | tsh | 初 | dz | 迟 | s 生 | 生 | z | 是 | 'l | 拉 | l | 來 |
| Coronal | t | 端 | th | 透 | d | 定 | 'n | 奶 | n | 南 | ||||
| Alveolo-palatal | c | 照 | ch | 穿 | j | 澄 | sh | 心 | zh | 從 | ||||
| Velar | k | 見 | kh | 溪 | g | 群 | 'ng | 嗯 | ng | 牙 | ||||
| Glottal | ' | 影 | h | 曉 | gh | 匣 | y | 移 | ||||||
| w | 胡 | |||||||||||||
Finals
| See also: Four hu | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open mouth | Closed mouth | Even teeth | Round mouth | ||||
| Vowel | Example | Vowel | Example | Vowel | Example | Vowel | Example |
| y | 資 | ||||||
| i | 衣 | ||||||
| u | 烏 | iu | 雨 | ||||
| a | 矮 | ua | 歪 | ia | 野 | ||
| e | 哀 | ue | 威 | i.e. | 煙 | ||
| o | 掗 | uo | 花 | ||||
| ae | 晏 | uae | 彎 | ||||
| oe | 半 | uoe | 碗 | ioe | 遠 | ||
| au | 奧 | iau | 要 | ||||
| eu | 歐 | ieu | 悠 | ||||
| ou | 哥 | ||||||
| an | 杏 | uan | 橫 | ian | 央 | ||
| aon | 項 | uaon | 汪 | iaon | 雙 | ||
| en | 恩 | uen | 溫 | ||||
| in | 音 | iuin | 雲 | ||||
| on | 翁 | ion | 用 | ||||
| aeh | 鴨 | uaeh | 挖 | ||||
| ah | 百 | uah | 摑 | iah | 腳 | ||
| aoh | 惡 | uaoh | 鑊 | iaoh | 捉 | ||
| eh | 黑 | ieh | 葉 | ||||
| ih | 一 | iuih | 出 | ||||
| oeh | 脫 | uoeh | 骨 | ioeh | 月 | ||
| oh | 屋 | ioh | 郁 | ||||
| m | 無白 | n | 爾白 | ng | 五 | ||
Tones
There are 8 tones in the Tiantai dialect, which are obtained by splitting each of the four tones in Mandarin to yin (陰) and yang (陽).
| Tone name | Tone letters |
|---|---|
| yin ping (陰平) | ˧˧ (33) |
| yang ping (陽平) | ˨˦ (24) |
| yin shang (陰上) | ˧˨˥ (325) |
| yang shang (陽上) | ˨˩˦ (214) |
| yin qu (陰去) | ˥˥ (55) |
| yang qu (陽去) | ˧˥ (35) |
| yin ru (陰入) | ˥ʔ (5) |
| yang ru (陽入) | ˨˧ʔ (23) |
- 天台話100句翻譯，啥意思格 [100 Sentences in the Tiantai Dialect and What do they Mean]. iFuun.com (in Chinese). 17 July 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- 天台話中「壽頭」是指什麼頭？ [What Does "Long-Lived Head" Mean in the Tiantai Dialect?]. iFuun.com (in Chinese). 2 September 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- Dai, Zhaoming 戴昭铭 (2006). 浙江天台方言词考源数则 [Etymological Notes on Dialectal Words of Tiantai Dialect in Zhejiang Province]. 方言 (in Chinese). 2006 (4): 374–377.
- Wang, Lin 汪林 (2008). 大慧天台. 安徽文學 (in Chinese). 2008 (12): 144–145.
- Xiong, Zhongru 熊仲儒 (2007). 現代漢語與方言中差比句的句法結構分析 [An Analysis of Syntactic Structure of Difference Sentences in Modern Chinese and Regional Dialects] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 8 (4): 1043–1063.
- Dai, Zhaoming 戴昭铭 (1999). 天台话的几种语法现象. 方言 (in Chinese). 1999 (4): 249–258.