Pikromycin

Pikromycin

Pikromycin

Chemical compound

Pikromycin was studied by Brokmann and Hekel in 1951 and was the first antibiotic macrolide to be isolated.[1] Pikromycin is synthesized through a type I polyketide synthase system in Streptomyces venezuelae, a species of Gram-positive bacterium in the genus Streptomyces.[2] Pikromycin is derived from narbonolide, a 14-membered ring macrolide. [3] Along with the narbonolide backbone, pikromycin includes a desosamine sugar and a hydroxyl group. Although Pikromycin is not a clinically useful antibiotic, it can be used as a raw material to synthesize antibiotic ketolide compounds such as ertythromycins and new epothilones. [4]

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Biosynthesis

The pikromycin polyketide synthase of Streptomyces venezuelae contains four polypeptides: PikAI, PikAII, PikAIII, and PikAIV. These polypeptides contain a loading module, six extension molecules, and a thioesterase domain that terminated the biosynthetic procedure. [5] Recently electron cryo-microscopy have been used to determine sub-nanometre-resolution three- dimensional reconstructions of a full-length PKS module from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae that revealed an unexpectedly different architecture. [6] In Figure 1, each circle corresponds to a PKS mutilifuctional protein, where ACP is acyl carrier protein, KS is keto-ACP synthase, KSQ is a keto-ACP synthase like domain, AT is acyltransferase, KR is keto ACP reductase, KR with cross is inactive KR, DH is hydroxyl-thioester dehydratase, ER is enoyl reductase, TEI is thioesterase domain I, TEII is type II thioesterase. [7] Des corresponds to the enzymes utilized in desosamine biosynthesis and transfer, which include DesI-DesVIII.[citation needed]

Figure 2 represents the desosamine deoxyamino sugar biosynthetic pathway. DesI-DesVI (des locus of pikromycin PKS) encodes all the enzymes needed to obtain TDP-desoamine from TDP-glucose. DesVII and DesVIII activities transfer desoamine to narbonolide and narbomycin is obtained. PikC cytochrome P450 hydrolase catalyzes the hydroxylation of narbomycin to obtain pikromycin. [2]

Figure 1: Domain organization of PKS for Narbonolide, a precursor of Pikromycin
Figure 2: Pikromycin Formation through the desosamine deoxyamino sugar biosynthetic pathway

See also

References

  1. [1]
    Brockmann, H. & Henkel, W. (1951). "Pikromycin, ein bitter schmeckendes Antibioticum aus Actinomyceten". Ntibiotica aus Actinomyceten. 84: 184–288. doi:10.1002/cber.19510840306.
  2. [2]
    Y. Xue & D. Sherman (2001). "Biosynthesis and Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Pikromycin-Related Macrolides in Streptomyces venezuelae". Metabolic Engineering. 3 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1006/mben.2000.0167. PMID 11162229.
  3. [3]
    Maezawa, T. Hori, A. Kinumaki and M. Suzuki (1973). "Biological conversion of narbonolide to picromycin". The Journal of Antibiotics. 26 (12): 771–775. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.26.771. PMID 4792390.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. [4]
    J.D. Kittendorf & D.H. Sherman (2009). "The Methymycin/Pikromycin Biosynthetic Pathway: A Model for Metabolic Diversity in Natural Product". Bioorg Med Chem. 17 (6): 2137–2146. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.082. PMC 2843759. PMID 19027305.
  5. [5]
    S. Guptaa; V. Lakshmanan; B.S. Kima; R. Fecik & K. A. Reynolds (2008). "Generation of Novel Pikromycin Antibiotic Products Through Mutasynthesis". ChemBioChem. 9 (10): 1609–1616. doi:10.1002/cbic.200700635. PMC 2614871. PMID 18512859.
  6. [6]
    S. Dutta; J. R. Whicher; D. A. Hansen; W. A. Hale; J. A. Chemler; G. R. Congdon; A. R. H. Narayan; K. Håkansson; D. H. Sherman; J. L. Smith; G. Skiniotis (2014). "Structure of amodular polyketide synthase". Nature. 510 (7506): 512–517. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..512D. doi:10.1038/nature13423. PMC 4278352. PMID 24965652.
  7. [7]
    D.L. Akey; J.D. Kittendorf; J.W. Giraldes; R.A. Fecik; D.H. Sherman & J.L. Smith (2006). "Structural basis for macrolactonization by the pikromycin thioesterase". Nature Chemical Biology. 2 (10): 537–542. doi:10.1038/nchembio824. PMID 16969372. S2CID 6262508.
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