Pakatan_Harapan

Pakatan Harapan

Pakatan Harapan

Malaysian political coalition

For its predecessor coalition (2008–2015), see Pakatan Rakyat.

The Alliance of Hope (Malay: Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been part of a "Unity Government" since November 2022 together with other political coalitions and parties as a result of the 2022 Malaysian general election, and previously for 22 months after it had won the 2018 Malaysian general election until February 2020 when it lost power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis at the federal level. The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 election, ending its 60-year-long reign (together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence.

Quick Facts Alliance of Hope, Malay name ...
Quick Facts Alliance of Hope, Traditional Chinese ...

It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 81 seats. At the state level, it is the ruling coalition in 7 of the 13 states in the nation, Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Melaka and Sabah. It rules Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka in coalition governments with Barisan Nasional (BN) and Sabah with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) and BN. It is also a confidence and supply in the Johor state government led by BN. PH alone holds two-thirds majority in the state legislative assembly of Penang while PH and BN together hold two-thirds majorities in the state legislative assemblies of Negeri Sembilan and Melaka while PH, GRS and BN together hold two-thirds majority in the state legislative assembly of Sabah.[4]

The coalition consists of the Democratic Action Party, People's Justice Party, National Trust Party, and United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation.

The coalition lost its majority in parliament and fell from power in February 2020 when its chairman and then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned after 22 months in office (compared to his 22 years as Prime Minister while with UMNO), and the Malaysian United Indigenous Party together with 11 members of parliament from the People's Justice Party left the coalition.[5][6][7]

After the 2022 general election that resulted in a hung parliament, the Alliance of Hope returned to power with a two-thirds majority, led by Prime Minister and PH Chairman Anwar Ibrahim, by forming a coalition government with National Front (BN), Sarawak Parties' Alliance (GPS), Sabah People's Alliance (GRS), Heritage Party (WARISAN), Malaysian People's Party (PBM), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents. Meanwhile Muhyiddin Yassin's Perikatan Nasional declined to join the coalition, and took the role of the opposition, with 74 seats.

History

Formation

Pakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party, the Democratic Action Party and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Pakatan Harapan was founded on 22 September 2015, two years after the 2013 general election, due to disagreements and conflicts between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the issue of the implementation of the sharia law, resulting in PAS splitting off from Pakatan Rakyat and the break-up of the coalition on 16 June 2015.[8][9] The dissolution resulted in the formation of a new coalition named Pakatan Harapan, consisting the former Pakatan Rakyat parties, PKR and DAP, and a PAS split-off party, the National Trust Party.[10][11]

On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation split-off party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party, founded and led by former Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining the opposition bloc Pakatan Harapan.[12][13] Later, on 13 December, the party formed an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan,[14] and finally on 14 March 2017, BERSATU officially joined Pakatan Harapan as a member party.[15]

2018 general election

On 14 July 2017, the Presidential council line-up was confirmed. A common logo was also introduced with the word "Harapan" with the "A" shaped as a chevron in white on a red background. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election, but the use of the logo and registration of the coalition was denied by the Election Commission.[16] To pursue the coalition's plan to contest under a common logo, Pakatan announced that the PKR logo will be used by all component parties of the coalition as its election symbol in the elections,[17] excluding for DAP who chose to contest under their own party flag in Sabah and Sarawak.[18][19][20]

The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party for the 2018 general election. WARISAN's president, Shafie Apdal, promised that the party would be represented on the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power,[21] adding that through the electoral pact they will only co-operate with Pakatan as an ally, and not joining the pact as a component party since they will only contest in Sabah, not in Peninsular Malaysia.[22] In that election, Pakatan Harapan swept the election and formed the government in a surprise upset overturning the former ruling party UMNO's decades of uninterrupted rule, as the Malay vote was dissatisfied and mainly went to Amanah and popular former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's party Bersatu, while the Chinese vote was solidly behind parties like DAP and PKR. Following the surprise victory of Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN in the general election, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation announced that they have left Barisan Nasional and will form a new Sabah state government with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan.[23] UPKO and WARISAN are currently both the allies for Pakatan Harapan since both parties are also allied towards each other's in Sabah.[24]

At the state level, due to 2018 general election results the coalition formed the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah.[note 1] Pakatan Harapan also forms a government with a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.

Post-election

Main article: 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis

On 16 May 2018, the coalition was officially registered.[25] After winning the power in 2018, the coalition made some efforts in ensuring an independent trial for Najib's corruption charges, an independent anti-corruption commission, and repealing anti-fake news law. On the other hand, other issues such as decentralisation of powers to Sabah and Sarawak, educational reform, issues relating to indigenous people (orang asli), racial equality, and political patronage remained unchanged. Meanwhile, the Pakatan Harapan government was distracted by factional infighting.[26]

On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as the Prime Minister. BERSATU which had 26 MPs, withdrew from the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition. In addition, 11 MPs from PKR resigned from the party to form an independent bloc. This left Pakatan Harapan with 37 seats short of the 112 seats needed to form a government. The surprise announcement came amid speculation that Mahathir was attempting to form a new ruling coalition that would exclude his designated successor Anwar Ibrahim.[5][6][7] However, Anwar later clarified to reporters that Mahathir did not orchestrate the act. These events also resulted in the number of Pakatan Harapan coalition member parties returning to the original three.[27]

At the state level, Pakatan Harapan lost control of Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah. A few PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in the state legislative assemblies quit their party and expressed support for the new Perikatan Nasional government in those four states.[28][29][30][31] In the 2022 Malaysian general election,Pakatan Harapan won most Dewan Rakyat seats in Selangor,Johor,Penang,Perak,Melaka and Negeri Sembilan.In the states of Kelantan,Terengganu,Kedah and Perlis,most of the candidates are losing their 12.5% deposit and lose to Perikatan Nasional candidates with large margin. In the states legislative assemblies,Pakatan Harapan won 24 in Perak State Legislative Assembly,1 in Perlis State Legislative Assembly,and 8 in Pahang State Legislative Assembly.

Party-to-party relations

Pakatan Harapan at the coalition level doesn't have any allegiance with political internationals. However, some of its component parties do, as PKR was recognized as an observer party of Liberal International while DAP co-founded the Progressive Alliance. In the aftermath of 15th general election, Anwar Ibrahim received congratulatory messages from the Ennahda Party of Tunisia.[32] The party previously was present at an event organised by AMANAH in 2015.

Member parties

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Former member party

List of leaders

Chairmen

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President

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Women Chiefs

More information No., Name (Birth–Death) ...

Youth Chiefs

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Leadership structure

Central Leadership Council

Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Harapan)

  • Youth Chief:
  • Deputy Youth Chiefs:
    • Hasbie Muda
    • Adam Adli
    • Nurthaqaffah Nordin
    • Felix Joseph Saang
  • Vice-Youth Chiefs:
  • Youth Secretary:
    • Musaddeq Khalid
  • Deputy Youth Secretary:
    • Omar Mokhtar A Manap
  • Youth Treasurer:
  • Deputy Youth Treasurer:
    • Nur Najihah Muhaimin
  • Youth Communications Director:
    • Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak
  • Youth Public Policies Directors:
    • Ong Chun Wei
    • Nadia Fathin Syahira Ahmad Nazri
    • Ammar Atan
  • Youth Mobilization Directors:
    • Umar Khair
    • Abbas Azmi
    • Jason Raj Kirupanantha
  • Youth Elections Directors:

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Women's Wing (Wanita Pakatan Harapan)

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

Pakatan Harapan has 81 members in the House of Representatives .

More information State, No. ...

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)
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Pakatan Harapan state governments

Main article: State legislative assemblies of Malaysia
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Pakatan Harapan also forms the state governments of Pahang, Perak, Melaka and Johor in coalition with Barisan Nasional, and the state government of Sabah in coalition with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.

More information State, Leader type ...
More information State, Leader type ...

Ministerial posts

More information Portfolio, Office Bearer ...
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General election results

More information Election, Total seats won ...

State election results

More information State election, State Legislative Assembly ...

See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    The state government of Sabah was formed with a confidence and supply agreement with WARISAN and UPKO.

References

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    Masriwanie Muhamading (12 May 2017). "Pakatan Harapan youth wings' economic model targeting 1mil jobs for youth". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
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    "Malaysia's Mahathir submits resignation, 'quits' his party". Al Jazeera. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
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  12. [12]
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  14. [14]
    Hana Naz Harun (13 December 2016). "PPBM officially signs agreement to join Pakatan Harapan". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  15. [15]
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  16. [16]
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  17. [17]
    Rizalman Hamim; Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusof (6 April 2018). "Pakatan to use PKR logo in GE14". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  18. [18]
    "Opposition Pact to unveil common logo for GE14 on Friday". New Straits Times. 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. In a press conference at Parliament lobby on Thursday, Lim Guan Eng however said the change will only be for peninsula in the polls and the four parties will not use the common Pakatan Harapan logo in Sabah and Sarawak for GE14 election campaign. They're different because they have autonomy. So we respect this and they can use the DAP rocket logo.
  19. [19]
    Julia Chan (6 April 2018). "Sabah, Sarawak Pakatan parties won't use common logo". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. This was a big decision for us, to be able to exercise our autonomy and decide for ourselves. We chose to use our own respective party flags. So, PKR, DAP and Amanah flags will be used here.
  20. [20]
    Sharon Ling (9 April 2018). "Sarawak DAP to use rocket logo for GE14". The Star. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. We have decided that DAP will use the rocket symbol while PKR and Amanah will both use the PKR logo.
  21. [21]
    "Warisan seals electoral pact with DAP and PKR". Malaysiakini. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.(subscription required)
  22. [22]
    Suzianah Jiffar (2 April 2018). "Warisan will work only with Pakatan Harapan for GE14". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  23. [23]
    Tan Su Lin (10 May 2018). "UPKO umum keluar BN, wujud kerajaan campuran dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  24. [24]
    "UPKO bentuk pakatan dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Berita Harian. 10 May 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  25. [25]
    "Pakatan Harapan is officially registered". Free Malaysia Today. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  26. [26]
    Tapsell, Ross (2020). "Malaysia in 2019". Southeast Asian Affairs. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute: 191–208. doi:10.1355/aa20-1k. JSTOR 26938891. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  27. [27]
    "Mahathir did not mastermind treacherous act, clarifies Anwar". Malaysiakini. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  28. [28]
    "Johor's Pakatan Harapan state government falls, new coalition to take over". CNA. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  29. [29]
    "Umno leader tipped to be new Melaka Chief Minister". New Straits Times. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  30. [30]
    "Kerajaan Pakatan Harapan Perak tumbang (Perak Pakatan Harapan government collapses)". Berita Harian. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  31. [31]
    "Four Perak PH assemblymen quit party, support Perikatan Nasional". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  32. [32]
    "Anwar Ibrahim on Instagram: "Sahabat saya Cheikh Rached Ghannouchi mewakili Partai Ennahdha Tunisia kirim tahniah kepada Pakatan Harapan kerana muncul unggul pada PRU15 yang lalu. Beliau turut mendoakan buat kesejahteraan rakyat dan negara Malaysia."". Instagram. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
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