Planning

Those were involved were Leslie, Dunlap, Robert Scott, "Billy" Connors, Billy Porter, Gilbert Yost, James Burns, Johnny Irving, "Red" Leary, and Thomas "Shang" Draper,^[3][4] though the ones who ultimately robbed the bank were Dunlap, Scott, Connors, Irving, Porter, Draper, and Yost.^[14] Out of the group, Leslie was the only one not known to New York police and the Pinkerton detective agency as a criminal.^[15]

Initially, Dunlap and Scott had asked Mandelbaum about their plan to rob the Northampton bank. Mandelbaum let the two contact Leslie, who agreed to mastermind the robbery for a fee of $20,000.^[11] Connors was eventually involved. Leslie had never worked with Dunlap, Scott, or Connors before. Leslie was not involved with the burglary physically, though he planned every part of it; it was Scott who had asked Leslie for his expertise.^[8] They chose a code name for their group, which was the "Rufus Gang",^[14] or Rufus Ring,^[3] named after Robert Scott.^[16] Northampton National Bank was chosen because it had vaults and safes that were easy to open,^[4] and various sources claimed the vaults contained large cash reserves.^[17] They found out about the bank through Edson, who recommended the bank in exchange for a share of the stolen money.^[4][18] The amount agreed to was $50,000.^[16]

Edson visited Dunlap and Scott at the Wyoming Valley Hotel in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, on August 5, 1875. Dunlap sent Edson (here named W.L. Edwards) a telegram to invite him:

WILKESBARRE, Pa., Aug 5, 1875. To W.L. Edwards, 241 West Fifty-second street, New York.

Come to-morrow.

R.C. HILL.

Handwriting on that telegram and one other belonged to Dunlap. At the hotel, in the hotel registry, the names "R.C. Hill" from Boston, and "Wm. D. Edson" were written. Dunlap wrote the signature for "R.C. Hill" and Edson wrote his name.^[19]

Starting in September,^[20] the group, including Leslie,^[11] travelled between Brooklyn and Northampton, to plan and watch the bank employees and deputy sheriff. They planned how they would escape, and where they would hide the money.^[3] They knew that the bank's night watchman leaves at 4 a.m. Leslie planned for the money to be hid in the Bridge Street Cemetery, which was just off the main thoroughfare of Northampton, and was close to the train station, which would be used as the getaway, and Bridge Street School; at some point, a base of operations was set up in the school's attic. It was decided to not use the roof to get inside the bank, as the third floor of the bank was the private residence of Judge Thomas Forbes.^[11] The gang decided to find a bank employee who might offer his involvement for a cut of the resulting money, so they spent several days observing Whittlesey.^[21] They found out "everything about him, his family, and their routines."^[17] His house was about two-thirds of a mile from the bank.^[22] They decided he could not be bribed, and found another way to use Whittlesey to their advantage.^[17] They found Whittlesey left work at 4 p.m., and then the night watchman, Deputy Sheriff Henry Potter stayed overnight.^[23] After learning this, Edson became involved.^[17]

On November 22, Edson went to the bank to found out what he could about the vault and the safe combination.^[17] Edson told the bank manager, Thomas Warriner, that he was on there on Herring & Co. business, and that he had to examine the vault as part of "routine maintenance" on the safe.^[5][17] Warriner said the vault keys were a little "tight", and Edson said he could fix that. Warriner allowed Edson to remove the locks, and take them along with the vault key and the bank key.^[17][24] He took them back to his private boarding house in town where he worked on them. He made wax impressions of the keys, which he then gave to Dunlap and Scott. Edson went back to the bank, returned the keys, and suggested that a new vault combination should be made, but only one person, John Whittlesey, should know it. Warriner agreed, and Edson left. A new combination was made, that both Whittlesey and Warriner knew about.^[3][5][17] The last thing investigated were the hours of Henry Potter. They found Potter left at 4 a.m. and Whittesey opened at 8 a.m., leaving 4 hours in which the bank was unattended.^[23] Leslie approved the final plan.^[14]

After several months, Leslie eventually turned his plans over to Dunlap, Scott, and Connors. The three then secured the involvement of Leary, Porter, Draper, Irving and Yost, who had been recommended by Leslie. Leslie had chosen them for their experience and indebtedness to Fredericka "Marm" Mandelbaum, Leslie's mentor, which made them less likely to betray the group. Another reason was that Leslie had been having an affair with Shang's wife Babe, and Red's wife Kate. Shang and Red being in Massachusetts meant there was more time for Leslie to be with the women in New York.^[9]

At some point, the gang tried twice to rob the bank, but failed.^[5]

A few weeks prior, the gang met at a livery yard, and they told someone there that they had planned to do a surprise party in Holyoke. A hostler was able to get a clear look at one of the robbers, who was unnamed.^[25] On the morning of January 25, 1876, Dunlap and Scott were witnessed in Springfield, Massachusetts, by Albert Holt, paymaster of the Boston and Albany railroad company. Dunlap and Scott met three other men at two different points. Holt also saw Scott and Dunlap enter a store in Springfield on the 26th.^[12]

Attempts to sell the securities

Edson went to New York to collect his share. Robert Scott would communicate with him after placing a classified ad in the New York Herald with instructions on how to meet. The two met on the corner of 34th Street and Broadway, where Edson was paid $1,200, much less than the $50,000 they agreed upon. Edson was "livid", and told Scott about how the non-negotiable securities were useless unless they could sell them back. Edson convinced Scott to sell the securities back.^[34] Dunlap, Scott, Connors, and Edson returned to Northampton, and decided not to retrieve the securities from the school as police were everywhere in the town.^[35] Instead, Edson went to the bank and claimed to be a mediator between the robbers and the bank, and that the robbers could sell the securities for $150,000. The bank had offered $60,000 ransom back, and Edson left.^[3][28][36] Back in New York City, Edson met Dunlap, Scott, and Connors, and said the bank had offered the $60,000 ransom. Scott was "furious" and refused. He decided that Edson compromised the gang by speaking to the manager, and that he could no longer be trusted. Scott said he was done with Edson, and Edson said he would work on his own plan.^[35]

On February 16, Northampton doubled the amount of police guarding the roads leading into the town, as they believed that the bulk of the stolen securities were still somewhere in town. The police said that if their search for the money lead nowhere, then would begin negotiations with the robbers (who were known to detectives by that point), and the robbers would return the securities in exchange for them keeping $12,000 and gaining immunity from prosecution.^[29]

The negotiations lasted a year and had no result.^[28] After several months, the hidden securities were retrieved from Northampton. Scott and Dunlap sent a ransom note to the bank regarding the non-negotiable securities, authenticated by two stock certificates owned by private depositors. The note offered $150,000. Warriner did not respond and attempted to travel to New York. Scott refused to meet with anyone from the bank.^[35] Then, the bank stalled the negotiations, sending "dubious" replies.^[28] In September, Edson ran into Scott on a trolley car by accident. The two argued, and Scott said Edson would not receive one cent from the securities. Scott stormed off on the first available stop. In October, Scott sent a letter to the bank, asking for $150,000; the bank refused to negotiate. Scott sent two more letters in October.^[35] The bank stalled the negotiations in order to give more time to the Pinkertons' investigation.^[37] In November, Scott, Dunlap, and Connors decided to contact Edson. Edson was fearful of them, but still agreed to meet. They argued about the purpose of Edson meeting Warriner as a negotiator. Edson said it was strictly to sell the securities and that no information on the gang was given; Scott called him a liar. Still, they agreed to let Edson help sell them again. Edson would set up a meeting with the bank, and Connors would be at the meeting to negotiate. In mid-November, Connors met with Northampton Bank's president, who said he would only offer $60,000. Connors left without a deal.^[38]

Dissolution of the Rufus Gang

Scott, Dunlap, and Connors gave up on negotiations and left New York for Philadelphia^[15] on January 13, 1877.^[39] At some point, Connors showed up to Leslie's home, and asked for help in getting rid of the securities. Leslie got rid of Connors, saying there was a rule to never visit him at his home, and that Connors should never contact him again.^[15]

On February 14, Pinkerton detective Benjamin Franklin saw Dunlap and Scott at a train station in Philadelphia, on a train going south to Richmond, Virginia. Franklin had a warrant for their arrest, and he took them off the train and arrested them.^[5] They had suitcases carrying burglar's tools.^[40][41] After they were arrested, the two admitted nothing to Franklin, said he was mistaken, and would not sign the order for the return of the money.^[12] On the 15th, Connors was arrested at a New York restaurant. Leary, Draper, Irving, Porter, and Yost were arrested, but the charges were dropped due to a lack of evidence.^[41] Connors and Leary were held in the Ludlow Street Jail.^[28] Edson was soon arrested, and turned state's evidence, giving up the names of those involved in the robbery, as he felt he they didn't give him as much money from it as he deserved.^[4] Because of this, he would go free.^[42]

On the 17th, Dunlap and Scott were brought back to Northampton.^[10] They were to be trialed twice, the first for the bank robbery, and the second for entering Whittlesey's home, attacking him and stealing his watch. The bank robbery charge carried a sentence of twenty years, while the latter charge carried a sentence of life imprisonment.^[41] On March 22 and 23, in the Superior Court of Hampshire County, the two were bound over for trial under Judge H.H. Wilson.^[10] Authorities found out exactly how they collaborated with Edson.^[43] They were put under bonds of $500,000 each. They were indicted by a Grand Jury on June 12 for entering Whittlesey's house and stealing his watch, and breaking and entering the bank and stealing from it.^[10] They both plead not guilty on June 15.^[10]

For a while, Leslie wasn't implicated; his place in high society kept him from being suspected. Afterwards, Leslie started being involved in instructing and planning bank robberies across the country.^[4] He never forgave himself for not being at the robbery, saying his presence might have averted the aftermath.^[14]

In June,^[44] when Connors' extradition from New York to Northampton was being prepared, he got a key to his cell, unlocked the door, and let himself out.^[28]

Trials of Dunlap and Scott

Trial 2

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The jury again found them guilty.^[41] They were sentenced to 20 years in prison each.^[4][41]

Scott eventually returned the securities to the bank in hopes of achieving leniency, but it was unsuccessful.^[41] $11,000 in cash was never recovered.^[43]

After the trial

Leslie went on to rob a bank in Dexter, Maine, in 1877, and the Manhattan Savings Institution on October 27, 1878. This led to the discovery and arrest of the culprits of the Northampton robbery. Leslie was implicated but never arrested.^[3]

Leary escaped rearrest in August 1877.^[49] He was finally caught, but then broke out of Ludlow in 1789. Friends of his had rented out a house adjoining the jail, and dug a hole through to a closet in the jail, and Leary crawled out.^[28] Scott died in prison in 1882.^[41] On February 14, 1889, Connors was arrested in Philadelphia and Leary was arrested in Brooklyn.^[28] He was sentenced to twenty years in an Ohio penitentiary. His cellmate was William Sydney Porter, convicted for bank embezzlement, who would eventually become a writer under the name O. Henry, and wrote some of his stories based on Connors.^[41] Dunlap campaigned for his pardon, and was finally pardoned and released in 1892.^[5]