List_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the caves near Qumran. The Dead Sea Scrolls is a collection of manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 in the West Bank near the Dead Sea.
The content of many scrolls has not yet been fully published. Some resources for more complete information on the scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert"[1] for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book[2] and the Leon Levy Collection,[3] both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
Qumran Cave 1
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The initial discovery, by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa, took place between November 1946 and February 1947.[4][5] The shepherds discovered seven scrolls housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the Qumran site, and they took them back to the camp to show to their families. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process.[6] The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 at Qumran are the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsab), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), and the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen).[7] One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the British Museum.[8]
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 1 | |||||||
| 1QIsaa | Great Isaiah Scroll | Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24 | Hebrew | 356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE | Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns | [9][10] | |
| 1QIsab | Isaiah | cf. 1Q8 | The Book of Isaiah | Hebrew | Hasmonean/Herodian | A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah | [11][12] |
| 1QS | Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule" | Hebrew | cf. 4QSa-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11 | [13] | |||
| 1QpHab | Pesher on Habakkuk | Habakkuk 1–2 | Hebrew | Later half of the 1st century BC | Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20 | [14][15] | |
| 1QM | Milhamah or War Scroll | Hebrew | cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14? | ||||
| 1QHa | Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns | Hebrew | Some parts are also preserved in 1QHb and 4QHa-f | [16] | |||
| 1QapGen | Genesis Apocryphon | Genesis 12:18–15:4 | Aramaic | 25 BCE–50 CE | [17] | ||
| CTLevi | Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi | Aramaic | |||||
| 1QGen | Genesis | 1Q1 | Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [18][19] | |
| 1QExod | Exodus | 1Q2 | Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][20] | |
| 1QpaleoLev | Leviticus – Numbers | 1Q3 | Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [18][21] | |
| 1QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 1Q4 | Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][22][23] | |
| 1QDeutb | 1Q5 | Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][22][24] | ||
| 1QJudg | Judges | 1Q6 | Judges 6:20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][25] | |
| 1QSam | Samuel | 1Q7 | 2 Samuel 18:17–18; 20:6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][26] | |
| 1QIsab | Isaiah | Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q8 | Isaiah 7:22–25; 8:1; 10:17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [11][18] | |
| 1QEzek | Ezekiel | Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q9 | Ezekiel 4:16–17; 5:1 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][27] | |
| 1QPsa | Psalms | 1Q10 | Psalm 86:5–8; 92:12–14; 94:16; 95:11–96:2; 119:31–34, 43–48, 77–79 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][28] | |
| 1QPsb | 1Q11 | Psalm 126:6; 127:1–5; 128:3 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18][29] | ||
| 1QPsc | 1Q12 | Psalm 44:3–5, 7, 9, 23–25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [18][30] | ||
| 1QPhyl | Phylactery | 1Q13 | Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | 58 fragments from a Phylactery | [22][31][32] |
| 1QpMic | Pesher on Micah | 1Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | [31][33] | ||
| 1QpZeph | Pesher on Zephaniah | 1Q15 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [31][34] | ||
| 1QpPs | Pesher on Psalms | 1Q16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [31][35] | ||
| 1QJuba | Jubilees | 1Q17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Jubilees | [31][36] | |
| 1QJubb | 1Q18 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Jubilees | [31][37] | ||
| 1QNoah | Book of Noah | 1Q19 | Hebrew | Herodian | Parts of the lost Book of Noah | [31][38] | |
| 1QapGen | Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon" | 1Q20 | Aramaic | Herodian | [39][40] | ||
| 1QTLevi / 1QALD | Testament of Levi | 1Q21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic Levi Document | [41][42] | |
| 1QDM | "Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses" | 1Q22 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41][43] | ||
| 1QEnGiantsa | Book of Giants | 1Q23 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Enoch | [44][45] | |
| 1QEnGiantsb | Book of Giants | 1Q24 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Enoch | [44][46] | |
| 1Q Apocr.Prophecy | "Apocryphal Prophecy" | 1Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [47][48] | ||
| 1Q Instruction | "Instruction" | 1Q26 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [47][49] | ||
| 1QMyst | "The Book of Mysteries" | 1Q27 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [47][50] | ||
| 1QS or 1QSa | "Rule of the Congregation" | 1Q28 (1Q28a) | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragment from "Community Rule" | [47][51] | |
| 1QSb | "Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions" | 1Q28b | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [47][52] | ||
| 1QapocrMoses B | Apocryphon of Moses | 1Q29 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | "Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire" | [47][53] | |
| 1Q Liturgical Text(?) A | "Liturgical Text 1" | 1Q30 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [47][54] | ||
| 1Q Liturgical Text(?) B | "Liturgical Text 2" | 1Q31 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [47][55] | ||
| 1QNJ(?) | "New Jerusalem" | 1Q32 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 11Q18 | [56][57] | |
| 1QM | Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah" | 1Q33 | Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31:8 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
[22][56] | |
| 1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr | "Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers" | 1Q34 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56][58] | ||
| 1QHb | "Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns" | 1Q35 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56][59] | ||
| 1Q Hymns | "Hymns" | 1Q36 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [56][60] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q37 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56][61] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q38 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [56][62] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q39 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56][63] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q40 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [56][64] | ||
| 1Q41–70 | 1Q41–70 | Hebrew | Unclassified Fragments | [3] | |||
| 1QDana | Daniel | 1Q71 | Daniel 1:10–17; 2:2–6 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [65] | |
| 1QDanb | 1Q72 | Daniel 3:22–30 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | [66] | ||
Close
Qumran Cave 2
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 2 was discovered in February 1952 and soon the Bedouin people discovered 30 fragments in it.[67]: 10–11 The cave eventually yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts of Dead Sea Scrolls, including fragments of Jubilees and the Wisdom of Sirach written in Hebrew.[68][69]
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 2 | |||||||
| 2QGen | Genesis | 2Q1 | Genesis 19:27–28; 36:6, 35–37 | Hebrew | Herodian | [70][71] | |
| 2QExoda | Exodus | 2Q2 | Exodus 1:11–14; 7:1–4; 9:27–29; 11:3–7; 12:32–41; 21:18–20(?); 26:11–13; 30:21(?), 23–25; 32:32–34 | [70][72] | |||
| 2QExodb | 2Q3 | Exodus 4:31; 12:26–27(?); 18:21–22; 21:37–22:2, 15–19; 27:17–19; 31:16–17; 19:9; 34:10 | [70][73] | ||||
| 2QExodc | 2Q4 | Exodus 5:3–5 | Hellenistic-Roman | [70][74] | |||
| 2QpaleoLev | Leviticus | 2Q5 | Leviticus 11:22–29 | Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [70][75] | ||
| 2QNuma | Numbers | 2Q6 | Numbers 3:38–41, 51– 4:3 | Hebrew | Herodian | [70][76] | |
| 2QNumb | 2Q7 | Numbers 33:47–53 | [70][77] | ||||
| 2QNumc | 2Q8 | Numbers 7:88 | [70][78] | ||||
| 2QNumd? | 2Q9 | Numbers 18:8–9 | Hellenistic-Roman | This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3 | [70][79] | ||
| 2QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 2Q10 | Deuteronomy 1:7–9 | Hebrew | 50–25 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
[70][22] | |
| 2QDeutb | 2Q11 | Deuteronomy 17:12–15 | Hebrew | 30 BCE – 68 CE
Herodian |
[70][22] | ||
| 2QDeutc | 2Q12 | Deuteronomy 10:8–12 | Hebrew | 1–68 CE
Late Herodian |
[70][22] | ||
| 2QJer | Jeremiah | 2Q13 | Jeremiah 42:7–11, 14; 43:8–11; 44:1–3, 12–14; 46:27–47:7; 48:7, 25–39, 43–45; 49:10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42 | [80][81] |
| 2QPs | Psalms | 2Q14 | Psalm 103:2–11; 104:6–11 | [80][82] | |||
| 2QJob | Job | 2Q15 | Job 33:28–30 | [80][83] | |||
| 2QRutha | Ruth | 2Q16 | Ruth 2:13–23; 3:1–8; 4:3–4 | Hebrew | Herodian | [80][84] | |
| 2QRuthb | 2Q17 | Ruth 3:13–18 | Hasmonean | [80][85] | |||
| 2QSir | "Wisdom of Sirach" or "Ecclesiasticus" | 2Q18 | Sir 6:14–15 (or 1:19–20); 6:20–31 | Hebrew | Herodian | Ben Sira | [80][86] |
| 2QJuba | Book of Jubilees | 2Q19 | Genesis 25:7–9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Jub 23:7–8 | [80][87] |
| 2QJubb | Book of Jubilees | 2Q20 | Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order) | Jub 46:1–3 | [88] | ||
| 2QapMoses /2QapocrMoses(?) | "Apocryphon of Moses" | 2Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal writing about Moses | [80][89] | |
| 2QapDavid /2QapocrDavid | "Apocryphon of David" | 2Q22 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal writing about David | [90][91] | |
| 2QapProph /2Qapocr.Prophecy | "Apocryphal Prophecy" | 2Q23 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments. | [92][93] | |
| 2QNJ | "New Jerusalem" | 2Q24 | Aramaic | Herodian | Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar | [92][94] | |
| 2Q Juridical Text | "Juridical Text" | 2Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | A juridical text | [92][95] | |
| 2QEnGiants | "Book of Giants" from "Enoch" | 2Q26 | Aramaic | Herodian | Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8 | [96] | |
| 2Q27
2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33 |
2Q27
2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33 |
Unidentified Texts | [97][92] | ||||
| 2QX1 | 2QX1 | Debris in a box | [92] | ||||
Close
Qumran Cave 3
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 3 was discovered on 14 March 1952 by the ASOR team. The cave initially yielded fragments of Jubilees and the Copper Scroll.[67]: 10–11
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 3 | |||||||
| 3QEzek | Ezekiel | 3Q1 | Ezekiel 16:31–33 | Hebrew | Herodian | [92][98] | |
| 3QPs | Psalms | 3Q2 | Psalm 2:6–7 | Hebrew | [99][100] | ||
| 3QLam | Lamentations | 3Q3 | Lamentations 1:10–12; 3:53–62 | Hebrew | [99][101] | ||
| 3QpIsa | Pesher on Isaiah | 3Q4 | Isaiah 1:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | [99][102] | |
| 3QJub | Jubilees | 3Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Jubilees 23:6–7, 12–13, 23 | [99][103] | |
| 3QHymn | Unidentified Hymn | 3Q6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Hymn of Praise | [99][104] | |
| 3QTJud(?) | Testament of Judah(?) | 3Q7 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q484, 4Q538 | [99][105] | |
| 3Q Text Mentioning Angel of Peace | 3Q8 | Hebrew | Herodian | Text about an Angel of Peace | [99][106] | ||
| 3QSectarian text | 3Q9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Possible unidentified Sectarian text | [99][107] | ||
| 3QUnc | Unidentified | 3Q10
3Q11 |
Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | [99] | |
| 3QUncA-B | Unclassified fragments | 3Q12
3Q13 |
Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | [108] | |
| 3QUncC | Unidentified | 3Q14 | Hebrew? | Hellenistic-Roman | 21 unclassified fragments | [109][110] | |
| 3QCopScr | The Copper Scroll | 3Q15 | Hebrew | Roman | Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures | [109][111] | |
Close
Qumran Cave 4
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, Roland de Vaux, and Józef Milik.[112][67]: 10–11 Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed, they are labeled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran caves, producing ninety percent of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot.
- 4Q1–4Q100
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 4 | |||||||
| 4QGen-Exoda | Genesis–Exodus | 4Q1 | Genesis 8:20–21; Exodus 1–4; 5:3–17; 6:4–21,25; 7:5–13,15–20; 8:20–22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38–39,42–43; 34:17–21 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments from Genesis to Numbers | [109][113] |
| 4QGenb | Genesis | 4Q2 | Genesis 1:1–27; 2:14–19; 4:2–4; 5:13 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragment of Genesis | [109][114] |
| 4QGenc | 4Q3 | Genesis 40–41 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [109][115] | |
| 4QGend | 4Q4 | Genesis 1:18–27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation | [109][116] | |
| 4QGene | 4Q5 | Genesis 36–37; 40–43; 49 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [109][117] | |
| 4QGenf | 4Q6 | Genesis 48:1–11 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis | [109][118] | |
| 4QGeng | 4Q7 | Genesis 1:1–11,13–22; 2:6–7 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Genesis about Creation | [109][119] | |
| 4QGenh/4QGenh1 | 4Q8 | Genesis 1:8–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind. | [120][121] | |
| 4QGenh2 | 4Q8a | Genesis 2:17–18 | [120][122] | ||||
| 4QGenh-para | 4Q8b | Genesis 12:4–5 | A paraphrase of Genesis | [120][123] | |||
| 4QGenh-title | 4Q8c | Genesis | The title of a Genesis manuscript | [120][124] | |||
| 4QGenj | 4Q9 | Genesis 41–43; 45 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [120][125] | |
| 4QGenk | 4Q10 | Genesis 1:9,14–16,27–28; 2:1–3; 3:1–2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Genesis | [120][126] | |
| 4QpaleoGen-Exodl | Paleo-Genesis/Exodus | 4Q11 | Genesis 50:26; Exodus 1:1–5; 2:10,22–25; 3:1–4,17–21; 8:13–15, 19–21; 9:25–29, 33–35; 10:1–5; 11:4–10; 12:1–11, 42–46; 14:15–24; 16:2–7, 13–14,18–20,23–25,26–31,33–35; 17:1–3,5–11; 18:17–24; 19:24–25; 20:1–2; 22:23–24; 23:5–16; 25:7–20; 26:29–37; 27:1, 6–14; 28:33–35,40–42; 36:34–36 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Genesis and Exodus | [120][127] |
| 4QpaleoGenm | Paleo-Genesis | 4Q12 | Genesis 26:21–28; Exodus 6:25–30; 7:1–19,29; 8:1,5,12–26; 9:5–16,19–21,35; 10:1–12,19–28; 11:8–10; 12:1–2,6–8,13–15,17–22,31–32,34–39; 13:3–7,12–13; 14:3–5,8–9,25–26; 15:23–27; 16:1,4–5,7–8,31–35; 17:1–16; 18:1–27; 19:1,7–17,23–25; 20:1,18–19; 21:5–6, 13–14,22–32; 22:3–4,6–7,11–13,16–30; 23:15–16,19–31; 24:1–4,6–11; 25:11–12,20–29,31–34; 26:8,15,21–30; 27:1–3,9–14,18–19; 28:3–4,8–12,22–24,26–28,30–43; 29:1–5,20,22–25,31–41; 30:10,12–18,29–31,34–38; 31:1–8,13–15; 32:2–19,25–30; 33:12–23; 34:1–3,10–13,15–18,20–24,27–28; 35:1; 36:21–24; 37:9–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment from Genesis | [120][128] |
| 4QExodb | Exodus | 4Q13 | Exodus 1:1–6,16–12; 2:2–18; 3:13 – 4:8; 5:3–14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus about Slavery in Egypt | [120][129] |
| 4QExodc | 4Q14 | Exodus 7:17–19,20–23; 7:26 – 8:1; 8:5–14,16–18,22; 9:10–11,15–20,22–25,27–35; 10:1–5,7–9,12–19,23–24; 11:9–10; 12:12–16,31–48; 13:18 – 14:3; 14:3–13; 17:1 – 18:12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [120][130] | |
| 4QExodd | 4Q15 | Exodus 13:15–16 followed directly by 15:1 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | [120][131][132]: 246 | |
| 4QExode | 4Q16 | Exodus 13:3–5,15–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn | [120][130] | |
| 4QExod-Levf | Exodus–Leviticus | 4Q17 | Exodus 38:18–22; 39:3–19, 20–24; 40:8–27; Leviticus 1:13–15, 17–2:1 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Exodus and Leviticus | [133][134] |
| 4QExodg | Exodus | 4Q18 | Exodus 14:21–27 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus | [133][135] |
| 4QExodh | 4Q19 | Exodus 6:3–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [133][136] | |
| 4QExodj | 4Q20 | Exodus 7:28–8:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Exodus | [133][137] | |
| 4QExodk | 4Q21 | Exodus 36:9–10 | Hebrew | Roman | Fragments of Exodus | [133][138] | |
| 4QpaleoExodm (olim 4QExα) | Paleo-Exodus | 4Q22 | Exodus 6:25–7:19,29–8:1,[5],12–22; 9:5–16, 19–21, 35–10:12, 19–28; 11:8–12:2,6–8, 13–15, 17–22, 31–32, 34–39; 13:3–8, 12–13; ... 37:9–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragments of Exodus; | [139][133] |
| 4QLev-Numa | Leviticus–Numbers | 4Q23 | Leviticus 13:32–33; 14:22–34, 40–54; 15:10–11, 19–24; 16:15–29;... 27:5–13;...35:4–5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [133][140] |
| 4QLevb | Leviticus | 4Q24 | Leviticus 1:11–17; 2:1–15; 3:1, 8–14; 21:17–20, 24; 22:1–33; 23:1–25, 40; 24:2–23; 25:28–29, 45–49, 51–52 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [141][142] |
| 4QLevc | 4Q25 | Leviticus 1:1–7; 3:16–4:6, 12–14, 23–28; 5:12–13; 8:26–28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [143][144] | |
| 4QLevd | 4Q26 | Leviticus 14:27–29, 33–36; 15:20–24; 17:2–11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [143][145] | |
| 4QLeve | 4Q26a | Leviticus 2:4–6, 11–18; 3:2–4,5–8; 19:34–37; 20:1–3, 27–21:4, 9–12, 21–24; 22:4–6, 11–17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [3][143] | |
| 4QLevg | 4Q26b | Leviticus 7:19–26 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Leviticus | [3][143] | |
| 4QNumb | Numbers | 4Q27 | Numbers 11:31–12:11; 13:7–24; 15:41–16:11, 14–16; 17:12–17; 18:25–19:6; 20:12–13,16–17,19–29; 21:1–2,12–13; 22:5–21, 31–34, 37–38, 41–23:6,13–15,21–22, 27–24:10; 25:4–8,16–18; 26:1–5,7–10,12,14–34,62–27:5,7–8,10,18–19,21–23; 28:13–17,28,30–31; 29:10–13,16–18,26–30; 30:1–3,5–9,15–16; 31:2–6, 21–25, 30–33,35–36,38,43–44,46–32:1,7–10,13–17,19,23–30,35,37–39,41; 33:1–4,23,25,28,31,45,47–48,50–52; 34:4–9,19–21,23; 35:3–5,12,14–15,18–25,27–28, 33–36:2,4–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers. A few lines are written in red ink | [143][146] |
| 4QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 4Q28 | Deuteronomy 23:26–24:8 | Hebrew | 175–150 BCE
Transitional: Archaic to Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][143][147] |
| 4QDeutb | 4Q29 | Deuteronomy 29:24–27; 30:3–14; 31:9–17,24–30, 32:1–3 | Hebrew | 150–100 BCE
Early Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][143][148] | |
| 4QDeutc | 4Q30 | Deuteronomy 3:25–26; 4:13–17,31–32; 7:3–4; 8:1–5; 9:11–12, 17–19,29; 10:1–2,5–8; 11:2–4,9–13,18–19; 12:18–19,26,30–31; 13:5–7,11–12,16; 15:1–5,15–19; 16:2–3,5–11,20–17:7,15–18:1; 26:19— 27:2,24–28:14,18–20,22–25,29–30,48–50,61; 29:17–19; 31:16–19; 32:3 | Hebrew | 150–100 BCE
Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][149] | |
| 4QDeutd | 4Q31 | Deuteronomy 2:24–33; 3:14–29; 4:1 | Hebrew | 124–75 BCE
Middle Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150] | |
| 4QDeute | 4Q32 | Deuteronomy 3:24; 7:12–16,21–26; 8:1–16 | Hebrew | 50–25 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150] | |
| 4QDeutf | 4Q33 | Deuteronomy 4:23–27; 7:22–26; 8:2–14; 9:6–7; 17:17–18; 18:6–10,18–22; 19:17–21; 20:1–6; 21:4–12; 22:12–19; 23:21–26; 24:2–7; 25:3–9; 26:18–27:10 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150] | |
| 4QDeutg | 4Q34 | Deuteronomy 9:12–14; 23:18–20; 24:16–22; 25:1–5,14–19; 26:1–5; 28:21–25,27–29 | Hebrew | 1–25 CE
Middle Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150] | |
| 4QDeuth | 4Q35 | Deuteronomy 1:1–17,22–23,29–41,43–2:6,28–30; 19:21; 31:9–11; 33:9–22 | Hebrew | 50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150] | |
| 4QDeuti | 4Q36 | Deuteronomy 20:9–13; 21:23; 22:1–9; 23:6–8, 12–16, 22–26; 24:1 | Hebrew | 100–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150] | |
| 4QDeutj | 4Q37 | Exodus 12:43–44, 46–51; 13:1–5; Deuteronomy 5:1–11, 13–15, 21–33; 6:1–3; 8:5–10; 11:6–10, 12–13; 30:17–18; 32:7–8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | [22][150] | |
| 4QDeutk1 | 4Q38 | Deuteronomy 5:28–31; 11:6–13; 32:17–18, 22–23, 25–27 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150][151] | |
| 4QDeutk2 | 4Q38a | Deuteronomy 19: 8–16; 20: 6–19; 21:16; 23:22–26; 24:1–3; 25:19; 26:1–5, 18–19; 27:1 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][150][151] | |
| 4QDeutk3 | 4Q38b | Deuteronomy 30: 16–18 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [152][151] | |
| 4QDeutl | 4Q39 | Deuteronomy 10:1,14–15; 28:67–68; 29:2–5; 31:12; 33:1–2; 34:4–6,8 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death | [22][152] | |
| 4QDeutm | 4Q40 | Deuteronomy 3:18–22; 4:32–33; 7:18–22 | Hebrew | 50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][152] | |
| 4QDeutn | All Souls Deuteronomy | 4Q41 | Deuteronomy 5:1–33; 6:1; 8:5–10 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE
Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][152] |
| 4QDeuto | Deuteronomy | 4Q42 | Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30–34; 5:1–5, 8–9; 28:15–18, 33–36, 47–52, 58–62; 29:22–25 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][152] |
| 4QDeutp | 4Q43 | Deuteronomy 6:4–11 | Hebrew | 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God | [22][152] | |
| 4QDeutq | 4Q44 | Deuteronomy 32:9–10, 37–43 | Hebrew | 50 BCE–25 CE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][152] | |
| 4QpaleoDeutr | Paleo-Deuteronomy | 4Q45 | Deuteronomy 7:2–7, 16–25; 11:28,30–12:1,11–12; 13:19; 14:19–22, 26–29; 15:5–6, 8–10; 19:2–3; 21:8–9; 22:3–6,12–15; 28:15–18, 20; 30:7–8; 32:2–8,10–11,13–14, 33–35; 33:2–8, 29; 34:1–2 | Hebrew | 100–25 BCE
Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][152] |
| 4QpaleoDeuts | 4Q46 | Deuteronomy 26:14–15 | Hebrew | 250–200 BCE
Archaic Paleo-Hebrew script |
Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes | [22][152] | |
| 4QJosha | Joshua | 4Q47 | Joshua 8:34–35; 5:?,2–7; 6:5–10; 7:12–17; 8:3–14, 18?; 10:2–5, 8–11. | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Joshua | [152][153] |
| 4QJoshb | 4Q48 | Joshua 2:11–12; 3:15–16; 4:1–3; 17:11–15 | [154][155] | ||||
| 4QJudga | Judges | 4Q49 | Judges 6:2–6, 11–13 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Judges | [156][157] |
| 4QJudgb | 4Q50 | Judges 19:5–7; 21:12–25 | [156][158] | ||||
| 4QSama | Samuel | 4Q51 | 1 Samuel 1:9, 11–13, 17–18, 22–26, 28; 2:1–10,16–36; 3:1–4,18–21; 4:9–12; 5:8–12; 6:1–7,12–13,16–18,20–21; 7:1; 8:9–20; 9:6–8,11–12,16–24; 10:3–18,25–27; 11:1,7–12; 12:7–8,14–19; 14:24–25,28–34,47–51; 15:24–32; 17:3–6; 24:4–5,8–9,14–23; 25:3–12,20–21,25–26,39–40; 26:10–12,21–23; 27:8–12; 28:1–2,22–25; 30:28–30; 31:2–4; 2 Samuel 2:5–16,25–27,29–32; 3:1–8,23–39; 4:1–4,9–12; 5:1–3,6–16; 6:2–9,12–18; 7:23–29; 8:2–8; 10:4–7,18–19; 11:2–12,16–20; 12:4–5,8–9,13–20,30–31; 13:1–6,13–34,36–39; 14:1–3,18–19; 15:1–6,27–31; 16:1–2,11–13,17–18,21–23; 18:2–7,9–11; 19:7–12; 20:2–3,9–14,23–26; 21:1–2,4–6,15–17; 22:30–51; 23:1–6; 24:16–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | [156][159] |
| 4QSamb | 4Q52 | 1 Samuel 16:1–11; 19:10–17; 20:27–42; 21:1–10; 23:9–17 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of 1 Samuel | [156][160] | |
| 4QSamc | 4Q53 | 1 Samuel 25:30–32; 2 Samuel 14:7–33; 15:1–15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel | [156][161] | |
| 4QKgs | Kings | 4Q54 | 1 Kings 7:31–41; 8:1–9,16–18 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 1 Kings | [156][162] |
| 4QIsaa | Isaiah | 4Q55 | Isaiah 1:1–3; 2:7–10; 4:5–6; 6:4–7; 11:12–15; 12:4–6; 13:4–6; 17:9–14; 19:9–14; 20:1–6; 21:1–2,4–16; 22:13–25; 23:1–12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah | [163][164] |
| 4QIsab | 4Q56 | Isaiah 1:1–6; 2:3–16; 3:14–22; 5:15–28; 9:10–11; 11:7–9; 12:2; 13:3–18; 17:8–14; 18:1,5–7; 19:1–25; 20:1–4; 21:11–14; 22:24–25; 24:2; 26:1–5,7–19; 35:9–10; 36:1–2; 37:2932; 39:1–8; 40:1–4,22–26; 41:8–11; 43:12–15; 44:19–28; 45:20–25; 46:1–3; 49:21–23; 51:14–16; 52:2,7; 53:11–12; 61:1–3; 64:5–11; 65:1; 66:24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [163][165] | ||
| 4QIsac | 4Q57 | Isaiah 9:3–12; 10:23–32; 11:4–11,15–16; 12:1; 14:1–5,13; 22:10–14; 23:8–18; 24:1–15,19–23; 25:1–2,8–12; 30:8–17; 33:2–8,16–23; 45:1–4,6–13; 48:10–13,17–19; 50:7–11; 51:1–16; 52:10–15; 53:1–3,6–8; 54:3–17; 55:1–6; 66:20–24 | Hebrew | [163][166] | |||
| 4QIsad | 4Q58 | Isaiah 46:10–13; 47:1–6,8–9; 48:8–22; 49:1–15; 52:4–7; 53:8–12; 54:1–11; 57:9–21; 58:1–3,5–7 | Hebrew | [163][167] | |||
| 4QIsae | 4Q59 | Isaiah 2:1–4; 7:17–20; 8:2–14; 9:17–20; 10:1–10; 11:14–15; 12:1–6; 13:1–4; 14:1–13,20–24; 59:15–16 | Hebrew | [163][168] | |||
| 4QIsaf | 4Q60 | Isaiah 1:10–16,18–31; 2:1–3; 5:13–14, 25; 6:3–8,10–13; 7:16–18,23–25; 8:1,4–11; 20:4–6; 22:14–22,25; 24:1–3; 27:1,5–6,8–12; 28:6–9,16–18,22,24; 29:8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [163][169] | ||
| 4QIsag | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:14–25; 43:1–4,17–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [163][170] | ||
| 4QIsah | 4Q61 | Isaiah 42:4–11 | Hebrew | Herodian | [163] | ||
| 4QIsai | 4Q62 | Isaiah 56:7–8; 57:5–8 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [171][172] | ||
| 4QIsaj | 4Q63 | Isaiah 1:1–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | [171][173] | ||
| 4QIsak | 4Q64 | Isaiah 28:26–29:9 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [171][174] | ||
| 4QIsal | 4Q65 | Isaiah 7:14–15; 8:11–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [171][175] | ||
| 4QIsam | 4Q66 | Isaiah 60:20–61:1,3–6 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [171][176] | ||
| 4QIsan | Isaiah | 4Q67 | Isaiah 58:13–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a). | [171][177] |
| 4QIsao | 4Q68 | Isaiah 14:28–15:2 | [171][178] | ||||
| 4QIsap | 4Q69 | Isaiah 5:28–30 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [171][179][132]: 270 | ||
| 4QIsaq | 4Q69a | Isaiah 54:10–13 | [171][132]: 270 | ||||
| 4QIsar | 4Q69b | Isaiah 30:23 | [171][132]: 270 | ||||
| 4QJera | Jeremiah | 4Q70 | Jeremiah 6:30?, 7:1–2, 15–19, 28–9:2, 7–15; 10:9–14, 23; 11:3–6, 19–20; 12:3–7, 13–16, 17; 13:1–7, 22–23? [or 22:3], 27; 14:4–7; 15:1–2; 17:8–26; 18:15–23; 19:1; 20:14–18; 21:1?; 22:3–16; 26:10? | Hebrew | 200 BCE – 1 BCE | Fragments of Jeremiah | [171][180][181] |
| 4QJerb | 4Q71 | Jeremiah 9:22–25; 10:1–21 | [180][181][182] | ||||
| 4QJerc | 4Q72 | Jeremiah 4:5, 13–16; 8:1–3, 21–23; 9:1–5; 10:12–13; 19:8–9; 20:2–5, 7–9, 13–15; 21:7–10; 22:4–6, 10–28; 25:7–8,15–17, 24–26; 26:10–13; 27:1–3, 13–15; 30:6–9, [10–17], 17–24; 31:1–14, 19–26; 33:?, 16–20 | [180][181][182] | ||||
| 4QJerd (olim 4QJerb) | 4Q72a | Jeremiah 43:2–10 | [180][181][182] | ||||
| 4QJere (olim 4QJerb) | 4Q72b | Jeremiah 50:4–6 | [180][181][182] | ||||
| 4QEzea | Ezekiel | 4Q73 | Ezekiel 10:5–16, 17–22; 11:1–11; 23:14–15, 17–18, 44–47; 41:3–6 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Ezekiel | [182][183] |
| 4QEzeb | 4Q74 | Ezekiel 1:10–13, 16–17, 19–24 | [182][184][185] | ||||
| 4QEzec | 4Q75 | Ezekiel 24:2–3 | [182][186] | ||||
| 4QXIIa | The Twelve Minor Prophets | 4Q76 | Zechariah 14:18; Malachi 2:10–3:24; Jonah 1:1–5, 7–2:1, 7; 3:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of the Twelve Minor Prophets | [182][187] |
| 4QXIIb | 4Q77 | Zephaniah 1:1–2; 2:13–15; 3:19–20; Haggai 1:1–2; 2:2–4 | [182][188] | ||||
| 4QXIIc | 4Q78 | Hosea 2:13–15; 3:2–4; 4:1–19; 5:1; 7:12–13; 13:3–10, 15; 14:1–6; Joel 1:10–20; 2:1, 8–23; 4:6–21; Amos 1:1?; 2:11–16; 3:1–15; 4:1–2; 6:13–14; 7:1–16; Zephaniah 2:15; 3:1–2; Malachi 3:6–7? | [182][189] | ||||
| 4QXIId | 4Q79 | Hosea 1:6–2:5 | [190][191] | ||||
| 4QXIIe | 4Q80 | Haggai 2:18–19, 20–21; Zechariah 1:4–6, 8–10, 13–15; 2:10–14; 3:2–10; 4:1–4; 5:8–6:5; 8:2–4, 6–7, 12:7–12 | [190][192] | ||||
| 4QXIIf | 4Q81 | Jonah 1:6–8, 10–16; Micah 5:1–2 | [190][193] | ||||
| 4QXIIg | 4Q82 | Hosea 2:1–5,14–19, 22–25; 3:1–5; 4:1, 10–11, 13–14; 6:3–4, 8–11; 7:1, 12–13, 13–16; 8:1; 9:1–4, 9–17; 10:1–14; 11:2–5, 6–11; 12:1–15; 13:1, 6–8?, 11–13; 14:9–10; Joel 1:12–14; 2:2–13 4:4–9, 11–14, 17, 19–20; Amos 1:3–15; 2:1, 7–9, 15–16; 3:1–2; 4:4–9; 5:1–2, 9–18; 6:1–4, 6–14; 7:1, 7–12, 14–17; 8:1–5, 11–14; 9:1, 5–6, 14–15; Obadiah 1–5, 8–12, 14–15; Jonah 1:1–9; 2:3–11; 3:1–3; 4:5–11; Micah 1:7,
12–15; 2:3–4; 3:12; 4:1–2; 5:6–7 (7–8); 7:2–3, 20; Nahum 1:7–9; 2:9–11; 3:1–3, 17; Habakkuk 2:4?; Zephaniah 3:3–5; Zechariah 10:11–12; 11:1–2; 12:1–3 |
[190][194] | ||||
| 4QPsa | Psalms | 4Q83 | Psalm 5:9–13; 6:1–4; 25:15; 31:24–25; 33:1–12; 35:2,14–20,26–28; 36:1–9; 38:2–12,16–23; 47:2; 53:4–7; 54:1–6; 56:4; 62:13; 63:2–4; 66:16–20; 67:1–7; 69:1–19; 71:1–14 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Psalms. | [190][195] |
| 4QPsb | 4Q84 | Psalm 91:5–8,12–15; 92:4–8,13–15; 93:5; 94:1–4,8–14,17–18,21–22; 96:2; 98:4; 99:5–6; 100:1–2; 102:5,10–29; 103:1–6,9–14,20–21; 112:4–5; 113:1; 115:2–3; 116:17–19; 118:1–3,6–11,18–20,23–26,29 | Hebrew | Herodian | [190][196] | ||
| 4QPsc & 4QPst[n 1] | 4Q85 / 4Q98c | Psalm 16:7–9; 18:3–14,16–18,33–41; 27:12–14; 28:1–2,4; 35:27–28; 37:18–19; 45:8–11; 49:1–17; 50:14–23; 51:1–5; 52:6–11; 53:1 Psalm 88:15–17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [190] [197][198][199] | ||
| 4QPsd | 4Q86 | Psalm 146:10; 147:1–3,13–17,20; 104:1–5,8–11,14–15,22–25,33–35 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [200][201] | ||
| 4QPse | 4Q87 | Psalm 76:10–12; 77:1; 78:6–7,31–33; 81:2–3; 86:10–11; 88:1–4; 89:44–46,50–53; 104:1–3,20–21; 105:22–24,36–45; 109:13; 115:15–18; 116:1–3; 120:6; 125:2–5; 126:1–5; 129:8; 130:1–3 | Hebrew | Herodian | [200][202] | ||
| 4QPsf | 4Q88 | Psalm 22:14–17; 107:2–4,8–11,13–15,18–19,22–30,35; 109:4–6, 25–28; Apostrophe to Zion; Apostrophe to Judah; Eschatological Hymn | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [200][203] | ||
| 4QPsg | 4Q89 | Psalm 119:37–43,44–46,49–50,73,81–83,90 | Hebrew | Herodian | [200][204] | ||
| 4QPsh | 4Q90 | Psalm 119:10–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [200][205] | ||
| 4QPsj | 4Q91 | Psalm 48:1–7; 49:6,9–12,15,17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [200][206] | ||
| 4QPsk | 4Q92 | Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13; 135:7–16; | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [200][207] | ||
| 4QPsl | 4Q93 | Psalm 104:3–5,11–12 | Hebrew | Herodian | [200][208] | ||
| 4QPsm | 4Q94 | Psalm 93:3–5; 95:3–6; 97:6–9; 98:4–8 | Hebrew | Herodian | [200][209] | ||
| 4QPsn | 4Q95 | Psalm 135:6–9,11–12; 136:23–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [210][197] | ||
| 4QPso | 4Q96 | Psalm 114:7; 115:1–2,4; 116:3, 5, 7–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | [197][211] | ||
| 4QPsp (olim 4Q237) | 4Q97 | Psalm 143:2–4, 6–8 | Hebrew | Herodian | [197][212] | ||
| 4QPsq | Psalms | 4Q98 | Psalm 31:24–25; 33:1–18; 35:4–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f). | [197] |
| 4QPsr | 4Q98a | Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13 | [197][213] | ||||
| 4QPss | 4Q98b | Psalm 5:8–13; 6:1 | [197] | ||||
| *4QPst (see 4QPsc) | *4Q98c | Psalm 88:15–17 | [197] | ||||
| 4QPsu | 4Q98d | Psalm 42:5 | [197] | ||||
| 4QPsv (olim 4QPsu frg. 2) | 4Q98e | Psalm 99:1 | [197] | ||||
| 4QPsw | 4Q98f | Psalm 112:1–9 | [197] | ||||
| 4QPsx (olim 4Q236) | 4Q98g | Psalm 89:20–22, 26, 23, 27–28, 31 | [197] | ||||
| 4QJoba | Job | 4Q99 | Job 31:14–19; 32:3–4; 33:10–11, 24–26, 28–30; 35:16; 36:7–11, 13–27, 32–33; 37:1–5, 14–15 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Job | [214] |
| 4QJobb | 4Q100 | Job 8:15–17; 9:27; 13:4; 14:4–6; 31:20–21 | Herodian | [215][216] | |||
Close
- 4Q101–4Q200
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4QpaleoJobc | Paleo-Job | 4Q101 | Job 13:18–20, 23–27; 14:13–18 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Paleo-Hebrew script | Fragment of Job | [215][217] |
| 4QProva | Proverbs | 4Q102 | Proverbs 1:27–33; 2:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Proverbs | [215][218] |
| 4QProvb | 4Q103 | Proverbs 13:6–9; 14:5–10, 12–13, 31–35; 15:1–8, 19–31; 7:9, 11? | Hebrew | Herodian | [215][219] | ||
| 4QRutha | Ruth | 4Q104 | Ruth 1:1–12 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ruth | [215][220] |
| 4QRuthb | 4Q105 | Ruth 1:1–6, 12–15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [215][221] | ||
| 4QCanta | Canticles (Song of Songs) | 4Q106 | Song of Songs 3:4–5, 7–11; 4:1–7; 6:11?–12; 7:1–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Pesher on Song of Songs/Canticles, including an introduction (4Q106). | [215][222] |
| 4QCantb | 4Q107 | Song of Songs 2:9–17; 3:1–2, 5, 9–11; 4:1–3, 8–11, 14–16; 5:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | [215][223] | ||
| 4QCantc | 4Q108 | Song of Songs 3:7–8 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [215][224] | ||
| 4QQoha | Ecclesiastes | 4Q109 | Ecclesiastes 5:13–17; 6:1?,3–8,12; 7:1–10,19–20 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ecclesiastes | [225][226] |
| 4QQohb | 4Q110 | Ecclesiastes 1:10–15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [225][227] | ||
| 4QLam | Lamentations | 4Q111 | Lamentations 1:1–15, 17, 16, 18; 2:5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of Lamentations | [225][228] |
| 4QDana | Daniel | 4Q112 | Daniel 1:16–20; 2:9–11, 19–49; 3:1–2; 4:29–30; 5:5–7, 12–14, 16–19; 7:5–7, 25–28; 8:1–5; 10:16–20; 11:13–16 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Daniel | [225][229] |
| 4QDanb | 4Q113 | Daniel 5:10–12, 14–16, 19–22; 6:8–22, 27–29; 7:1–6, 11?, 26–28; 8:1–8, 13–16 | Hebrew | Herodian | [225][230] | ||
| 4QDanc | 4Q114 | Daniel 10:5–9, 11–16, 21; 11:1–2, 13–17, 25–29 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [225][231] | ||
| 4QDand | 4Q115 | Daniel 3:8–10?, 23–25; 4:5–9, 12–16; 7:15–23 | Hebrew | Herodian | [225][232] | ||
| 4QDane | 4Q116 | Daniel 9:12–17 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [225][233] | ||
| 4QEzra | Ezra | 4Q117 | Ezra 4:2–6, 9–11; 5:17; 6:1–5 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Ezra-Nehemiah | [225][234] |
| 4QChr/4QChron | Chronicles | 4Q118 | 2 Chronicles 28:27; 29:1–3 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments of 2 Chronicles | [225][235] |
| 4QLXXLeva gr | Septuagint Leviticus | 4Q119 | Leviticus 26:2–16 | Greek | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [236][237] |
| 4QpapLXXLevb/ pap4QLXXLevb gr | 4Q120 | Leviticus 1:11; 2:3–5, 7–8?; 3:4, 7, 9–14; 4:3–4, 6–8, 10–11, 18–19, 26–28, 30; 5:6, 8–10, 16–24; [6:1–5] | Greek | Hasmonean | 97 fragments of Leviticus. Contains ΙΑΩ for the tetragrammaton | [236][238] | |
| 4QLXXNumb gr | Septuagint Numbers | 4Q121 | Numbers 3:40–43,50–51?; 4:1?,5–9,11–16; 3:39? | Greek | Herodian | Fragments of Numbers | [236][239] |
| 4QLXXDeut gr | Septuagint Deuteronomy | 4Q122 | Deuteronomy 11:4 | Greek | Early Hellenistic | Fragments of Deuteronomy | [22][236][240] |
| 4QpaleoparaJosh | Paraphrase on Joshua | 4Q123 | Joshua | Hebrew | Paleo-Hebrew script | "Rewritten Joshua" | [236][241] |
| 4QUnid gr | Unidentified text | 4Q126 | — | Greek | Herodian | Fragmentary religious text | [242][243] |
| 4Qpap paraExod / pap4QParaExod gr | Paraphrase on Exodus | 4Q127 | Exodus | Greek | Herodian | "Rewritten Exodus" | [236][244] |
| 4Qphyla | Phylactery Scrolls | 4Q128 | Deuteronomy 5:1–14,27–6:3; 10:12–11:21; Exodus 12:43–13:7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments of Deuteronomy and Exodus. | [22][245][246] |
| 4Qphylb | 4Q129 | Exodus 13:9–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][247][248] | ||
| 4Qphylc | 4Q130 | Exodus 13:13–16; Deuteronomy 6:4–9; 11:13–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][247][249] | ||
| 4Qphyld | 4Q131 | Deuteronomy 11:13–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][247][250] | ||
| 4Qphyle | 4Q132 | Exodus 13:1–10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [247][251] | ||
| 4Qphylf | 4Q133 | Exodus 13:11–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [247][252] | ||
| 4Qphylg | 4Q134 | Deuteronomy 5:1–21; Exodus 13:11–12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][247][253] | ||
| 4Qphylh | 4Q135 | Deuteronomy 5:22–6:5; Exodus 13:14–16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][247][254] | ||
| 4Qphyli | 4Q136 | Deuteronomy 6:6–7; 11:13–21; Exodus 12:43–13:10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][247][255] | ||
| 4Qphylj (olim 4Qphyla) | 4Q137 | Deuteronomy 5:24–32; 6:2–3 | Hebrew | [22][247] | |||
| 4Qphylk | 4Q138 | Deuteronomy 10:12–11:17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][257] | ||
| 4Qphyll | 4Q139 | Deuteronomy 5:7–24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][258] | ||
| 4Qphylm | 4Q140 | Exodus 12:44–13:10; Deuteronomy 5:33–6:5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][259] | ||
| 4Qphyln | 4Q141 | Deuteronomy 32:14–20, 32–33 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][260] | ||
| 4Qphylo | 4Q142 | Deuteronomy 5:1–16, 6:7–9 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][261] | ||
| 4Qphylp | 4Q143 | Deuteronomy 10:22–11:3,18–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][262] | ||
| 4Qphylq | 4Q144 | Exodus 13:4–9; Deuteronomy 11:4–18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][263] | ||
| 4Qphylr | 4Q145 | Exodus 13:1–10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [256][264] | ||
| 4QPhyls | 4Q146 | Deuteronomy 11:19–21 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [22][256][265] | ||
| 4Qphylt | 4Q147 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Could not be deciphered | [256][266] | ||
| 4Qphylu | 4Q148 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [256][267] | |||
| 4QMeza | Mezuzah Scrolls | 4Q149 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy | [268][269] | |
| 4QMezb | 4Q150 | Deuteronomy 6:5–6; 10:14–11:2 | Hebrew | Herodian | [270][271] | ||
| 4QMezc | 4Q151 | Deuteronomy 5:27–6:9; 10:12–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | [270][272] | ||
| 4QMezd | 4Q152 | Deuteronomy 6:5–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [270][273] | ||
| 4QMeze | 4Q153 | Deuteronomy 11:17–18 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [270][274] | ||
| 4QMezf | 4Q154 | Deuteronomy 13:1–4 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [270][275] | ||
| 4QMezg | 4Q155 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [270][276] | |||
| 4QtgLev | Targum of Leviticus | 4Q156 | Leviticus 16:12–15,18–21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Fragments of Leviticus | [277][278] |
| 4QtgJob | Targum of Job | 4Q157 | Job 3:5–6; 4:17–5:4 | Aramaic | Herodian | Fragments of Job | [277][279][280] |
| 4QRPa | Reworked Pentateuch A | 4Q158 | Genesis 32:25–30; 32:31 ?; Exodus 3:12; 4:27–28; 19:17–23; 24:4–6; 20:12–17,19–21 (Samaritan), 22–26; 21:15–25, 32–37; 22:1–13; 30:32.34; Deuteronomy 5:30–31; 21:1–10 | Hebrew | Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | [22][281][282][132]: 305 |
| 4QOrdinancesa | Ordinances A | 4Q159 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [282][283] | |
| 4QVisSam | Vision of Samuel | 4Q160 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Non-biblical composition | [282][284] | |
| 4QpIsaiaha | Pesher on Isaiah | 4Q161 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [285] | |
| 4QpIsaiahb | 4Q162 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition | [286] | ||
| 4QpHosA | Pesher on Hosea A | 4Q166 | Hebrew | Herodian | Hosea Commentary Scroll | [287][288][289] | |
| 4QpHosB | Pesher on Hosea B | 4Q167 | Hebrew | Herodian | [288][290] | ||
| 4QpMic(?) | Pesher on Micah? | 4Q168 | Hebrew | Herodian | Micah Commentary? | [288][291] | |
| 4QpNah | Pesher on Nahum | 4Q169 | Nahum 1:3–6; 2:12–14; 3:1–5, 6–9, 10–12, 14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Containing the term "The Seekers after Smooth Things" | [288][292] |
| 4Q Eschatological Commentary A | Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days | 4Q174 | 2 Samuel 7:10–14 (1 Chronicles 17:9–13); Exodus 15:17–18; Amos 9:11; Psalm 1:1; Isaiah 8:11; Ezekiel 37:23?; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8–11, 12, 19–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary | [293][294] |
| 4QTest | Testimonia | 4Q175 | Deuteronomy 5:28–29; 18:18–19; 33:8–11
Numbers 24:15–17 Joshua 6:26, quoted in Psalms of Joshua (4Q379, frag. 22) |
Hebrew | Herodian; Hasmonean script | A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia | [22][293][295] |
| 4QapocrLamA | Apocryphal Lamentations A | 4Q179 | Lamentations | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [296] |
| 4Q Horoscope | Physiognomies/Horoscopes | 4Q186 | Hebrew | Herodian | [297] | ||
| 4QpapTobita | Tobit | 4Q196 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | On Papyrus. cf. 4Q501 | [298] |
| 4QTobitb | Tobit | 4Q197 | Tobit | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [299] |
| 4QTobitc | Tobit | 4Q198 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | [300] |
| 4QTobitd | Tobit | 4Q199 | Tobit | Aramaic | Hasmonean | cf. 4Q501 | [301] |
| 4QTobite | Tobit | 4Q200 | Tobit | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 4Q501 | [302] |
Close
- 4Q201–4Q300
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4QEna | The Enoch Scroll | 4Q201a | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [287][303] | ||
| 4QALD / 4QLevia-f ar | The Aramaic Levi Document (ALD) | 4Q213 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214 4Q214a 4Q214b | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Multiple compositions | [304] | |
| 4QTNaph | Testament of Naphtali | 4Q215 | Hebrew | Herodian | [305][306] | ||
| 4QCanta(?) | Pesher on Canticles/Song of Songs | 4Q240 | Song of Songs | Hebrew | Herodian | Included in Milik's original list, but this fragment has never been located | [307] |
| 4QapocrDan | Aramaic Apocalypse or The Son of God Text | 4Q246 | Aramaic | Herodian | [308] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen A /4QCommGenA | Commentary/Pesher on Genesis | 4Q252 | Genesis 6:3; 7:10–8:18; 9:24–27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20?; 18:31–32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10–12; 28:3–4; 36:12; 49:3–4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragments/ commentary of Genesis. | [309][310] |
| 4QCommentary on Gen B /4QCommGenB | 4Q253 | Genesis | Hebrew | Herodian | [309][311] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen C /4QCommGenC | 4Q254 | Genesis 9:24–25; 22:5?, 17? | Hebrew | Herodian | [309][312] | ||
| 4QCommentary on Gen D (olim 4QpGenc) | 4Q254a–820 | Genesis 6:15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [309][313] | ||
| 4QSd | Serekh ha-Yahad or Community Rule | 4Q258 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 1QSd | [314] | |
| 4QD | The Damascus Document | 4Q265–273 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 4QDa/g = 4Q266/272, 4QDa/e = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265–73 | [3] | |
| 4Q Sefer ha-Milhamah | Rule of War | 4Q285 | Hebrew | Herodian | cf. 11Q14 | [315] | |
| 4QMysta | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q299 | Hebrew | Herodian | [316] | ||
| 4QMystb | 4Q300 | Hebrew | Herodian | [317] |
Close
- 4Q301-
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4QMystc | The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets |
4Q301 | Hebrew | Herodian | [318] | ||
| 4QRPb | Reworked Pentateuch | 4Q364 | Genesis 25:18–21; 26:7–8; 27:39; 28:6; 29:32–33; 30:8–14,26–36; 31:47–53; 32:18–20,26–30; 34:2; 35:28; 37:7–8; 38:14–21; 44:30–34; 45:1,21–27; 48:14–15; Exodus 21:14–22; 19:17; 24:12–14,18; 25:1–2; 26:1,33–35; Numbers 14:16–20; 33:31–49; 20:17–18; Deuteronomy 2:8–14, 30–37; 3:2,18–23; 9:6–7,12–18, 21–25,27–29; 10:1–4, 6–7, 10–13,22; 11:1–2,6–9,23–24; 14:24–26 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean or Herodian | Reworked Pentateuch | [22][132]: 305 [319][320] |
| 4QRPc | 4Q365 | Exodus 8:13–19; 9:9–12; 10:19–20; 14:10,12–21; 15:6-[21],22–26; 17:3–5; 18:13–16; 26:34–36; 28:16–20; 29:20–22; 30:27–38; 31:1–2; 35:[2]–5; 36:32–38; 37:29; 38:1–7; 39:1–19; Leviticus 11:1[3],17-[25],32-[33],[39]-[46]; 13:6–8,15-[19],51–52; 16:6–7; 18:[25]-[29]; 23:42–44; 24:1–2; 25:7–9; 26:17–32; 27:34; Numbers 1:1–5; 3:26–30; 4:47–49; 7:1,78–80; 8:11–12; 9:15–23; 10:1-[4]; 13:[11]–25,[28]–30; 15:26-[29]; 17:20–24; 27:11; 36:1–2; Deuteronomy 2:24; 19:20–21; 20:1 | Hebrew | Late Hasmonean/ Early Herodian | [22][132]: 305 [321][322] | ||
| 4QRPd | 4Q366 | Exodus 21;35–37; 22:1–5; Leviticus 24:20–22; 25:39–43; Numbers 29:14-[25], 32–39; 30:1; Deuteronomy 16:13–14; 14:[13]–21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [22][132]: 305 [321][323] | ||
| 4QRPe | 4Q367 | Leviticus 11:47; 12:1–8; 13:1; 15:14–15; 19:1–4,9–15; 20:13; 27:30–34 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [132]: 305 [321][324] | ||
| 4QapocrJosha | Apocryphon of Joshua | 4Q378 | Hebrew | Herodian | Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers. | [325] | |
| 4QapocrJoshb | 4Q379 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [326] | |||
| 4QpsEzek | Pseudo-Ezekiel | 4Q385 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 4Q388 4Q391 |
Hebrew | Herodian | [327] | ||
| 4QMMT /4Q Cal.Doc.D | Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah or Some Precepts of the Law or the Halakhic Letter | 4Q394–399 | Hebrew | Herodian | [328] | ||
| 4Q Non-Canonical Psalms A | Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice or the Angelic Liturgy | 4Q400–407 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | cf. 11Q5–6 | [329] | |
| 4QInstruction | Sapiential Work A | 4Q415–418 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 4QParaphrase | Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus | Hebrew | |||||
| 4Q Barkhi Nafshia | Barkhi Nafshi – Apocryphal Psalms | 4Q434 | Hebrew | Herodian | 15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks | [330] | |
| 4Q Apocr. Psalm and Prayer | Hymn to King Jonathan or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll | 4Q448 | Psalms 154 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning "King Jonathan". | [3] |
| 4QpapGen or papJub | pap-Genesis or pap-Jubilees | 4Q483 | Genesis 1:28–29, or Book of Jubilees | Hebrew | Herodian | [331] | |
| 4QShira-b | Songs of the Sage or Songs of the Maskil |
4Q510–511 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 4Q Messianic Apocalypse | Messianic Apocalypse | 4Q521 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Made up of two fragments | [332] | |
| 4Q Jonathan | 4Q523 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts; Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944 | [333][334] | ||
| 4QTempleScrollb | Temple Scroll | 4Q524 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [3][335] | ||
| 4QBeatitudes | 4Q525 | Sirach 25:10;[336] Matthew 5:3 –12 (Beatitudes) | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 4Q TJoseph | Testament of Joseph | 4Q539 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [337] | ||
| 4QapocrLevi(?)b | Testament of Levid | 4Q541 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levib ar" | [338] | |
| 4QTKohath (4QTQahat) | Testament of Qahat | 4Q542 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [339] | ||
| 4QNJc | New Jerusalem | 4Q555 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18 | [340] | |
| 4QGenn | Genesis | 4Q576 | Genesis 34:7–10; 50:3 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [3] | |
| Unnumbered | Hebrew | Nine unopened fragments recently rediscovered in storage | [341] |
Close
Qumran Cave 5
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 5 was discovered alongside Cave 6 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 5 produced approximately 25 manuscripts.[67]: 10–11
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 5 | |||||||
| 5QDeut | Deuteronomy | 5Q1 | Deuteronomy 7:15–24; 8:5–9:2 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic | [22][342][343] | |
| 5QKgs | Kings | 5Q2 | 1 Kings 1:1,16–17,27–37 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [344][345] | |
| 5QIsa | Isaiah | 5Q3 | Isaiah 40:16,18–19 | Hebrew | Herodian | [344][346] | |
| 5QAmos | Amos | 5Q4 | Amos 1:2–5 | Hebrew | [344] | ||
| 5QPs | Psalms | 5Q5 | Psalm 119:99–101,104,113–20,138–42 | Hebrew | Herodian | [344][347] | |
| 5QLama | Lamentations | 5Q6 | Lamentations 4:5–8,11–16,19–22; 5:1–13,16–17 | Hebrew | Herodian | [344][348] | |
| 5QLamb | 5Q7 | Lamentations 4:17–20 | Hebrew | Herodian | [344][349] | ||
| 5QPhyl | Phylactery | 5Q8 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Phylactery in its unopened case | [344][350] | |
| 5QapocrJosh or 5QToponyms | Toponyms | 5Q9 | Hebrew | Herodian | Seven fragments with names of places | [344][351] | |
| 5QapocrMal | Apocryphon of Malachi | 5Q10 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Apocryphon of Malachi | [344][352] | |
| 5QS | Rule of Community (Serek ha-Yahad) | 5Q11 | Hebrew | Herodian | [344][353] | ||
| 5QD | Damascus Document | 5Q12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Damascus Document | [344][354] | |
| 5QRule or 5QRégle | Rule of Community | 5Q13 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Fragments related to 1QS | [355][356] | |
| 5QCurses | Curses | 5Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | Liturgical compositions with curses | [355][357] | |
| 5QNJ | New Jerusalem Scroll | 5Q15 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Description of the New Jerusalem | [355][358] | |
| 5QUnid | Unidentified | 5Q16–5Q24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unidentified fragments | [355] | |
| 5QUnc | Unclassified | 5Q25 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Unclassified fragments | [355][359] | |
Close
Qumran Cave 6
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 6 was discovered alongside Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Cave 6 contained fragments of about 31 manuscripts.[5][132][67]: 10–11
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 6 | |||||||
| 6QpaleoGen | Genesis | 6Q1 | Genesis 6:13–21 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [360][361] | |
| 6QpaleoLev | Leviticus | 6Q2 | Leviticus 8:12–13 | Hebrew | Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [360][362] | |
| pap6QDeut or 6QpapDeut(?) | Deuteronomy | 6Q3 | Deuteronomy 26:19 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | A few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 on papyrus | [360][22][363] |
| 6QpapKgs | Kings | 6Q4 | 1 Kings 3:12–14; 12:28–31; 22:28–31; 2 Kings 5:26; 6:32; 7:8–10,20; 8:1–5; 9:1–2; 10:19–21 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Made up of 94 Fragments. | [360][364] |
| pap6QPs or 6QpapPs(?) | Psalms | 6Q5 | Psalm 78:36–37 | Hebrew | Herodian | [365][366] | |
| 6QCant | Song of Songs | 6Q6 | Song of Songs 1:1–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [365][367] | |
| 6QpapDan | Daniel | 6Q7 | Daniel 8:20–21; 10:8–16; 11:33–36,38; 8:16–17 | Hebrew | Herodian | 13 papyrus fragments. | [365][368] |
| 6QpapGiants or pap6QEnGiants | Book of Giants from Enoch | 6Q8 | Aramaic | Herodian | Part of the "Book of Giants" | [365][369] | |
| 6Qpap apocrSam-Kgs or pap6QapocrSam/Kgs | Apocryphon on Samuel–Kings | 6Q9 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Samuel–Kings apocryphon. Written on papyrus. | [365][370] | |
| 6QpapaProph or pap6QProph | Unidentified prophetic fragment | 6Q10 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Prophetic text. Written in papyrus | [365][371] | |
| 6QAllegory | Allegory of the Vine | 6Q11 | Hebrew | Herodian | Fragment containing an Allegory mentioning a vine | [365][372] | |
| 6QapProph | An apocryphal prophecy | 6Q12 | Herodian | [365][373] | |||
| 6QPriestProph | Priestly Prophecy | 6Q13 | Herodian | A priestly prophecy | [365][374] | ||
| 6Q Apocalypse | Apocalyptic text | 6Q14 | Aramaic | Herodian | Two fragments with apocalyptic text | [365][375] | |
| 6QD | Damascus Document | 6Q15 | Hebrew | Herodian | Damascus Document 4:19–21; 5:13–14,18–21; 6:1–2,20–21; 7:1 | [365][376] | |
| 6QpapBened or pap6QBen | papBenediction | 6Q16 | Herodian | Blessings related 1QSb. On papyrus | [377][378] | ||
| 6QCalDoc | Calendrical Document | 6Q17 | Herodian | Calendric fragment | [377][379] | ||
| pap6QHymn | Hymn | 6Q18 | Herodian | Fragment of a hymn, related to 1QM | [377][380] | ||
| 6Q Text Related to Genesis | Genesis | 6Q19 | Possibly from Genesis | Aramaic | Herodian | Related to Genesis 10:6,20 | [377][381] |
| 6QDeut(?) | Deuteronomy | 6Q20 | Possibly from Deuteronomy | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Related to Deuteronomy 11:10 | [377][382] |
| 6QfrgProph or 6Q Prophetic Text | Possibly prophetic text | 6Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | Prophetic fragment containing 5 words. | [377][383] | |
| pap6QUnidA | Unclassified fragments | 6Q22 | Hebrew | Herodian | [377][384] | ||
| pap6QUnidA ar | Unclassified fragments | 6Q23 | Aramaic | Herodian | Related to "Words of the Book of Michael" | [377][385] | |
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [377][386] | ||
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q25 | Aramaic | Herodian | [377][387] | ||
| 6QUnidB or 6QpapAccount or Contract | Accounts or contracts | 6Q26 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | [377][388] | ||
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q27–6Q28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [377] | ||
| 6QpapProv | Proverbs | 6Q30 | Proverbs 11:4b–7a,10b | Hebrew | Roman | Single six-line fragment | [377][389] |
| 6QUnidB | Unclassified fragments | 6Q31 | Aramaic | Herodian | [377][390] | ||
Close
Qumran Cave 7
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 7 yielded fewer than 20 fragments of Greek documents, including 7Q2 (the "Letter of Jeremiah" = Baruch 6), 7Q5 (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades), and a Greek copy of a scroll of Enoch.[391][392][393] Cave 7 also produced several inscribed potsherds and jars.[394][132][395]
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 7 | |||||||
| 7QpapLXXExod | Exodus | 7Q1 | Exodus 28:4–7 | Greek | Hasmonean | Greek fragment of Exodus | [396] |
| 7QpapEpJer | Letter of Jeremiah | 7Q2 | Letter of Jeremiah verses 43–44 | Greek | Hasmonean | Epistle of Jeremiah. On papyrus. | [397] |
| 7Q3 | Unidentified | 7Q3 | Greek | Herodian | Unknown biblical text | [398] | |
| 7Q4 | Unidentified | 7Q4 | Greek | Hasmonean | Unknown biblical text | [399] | |
| 7Q5 | Unidentified | 7Q5 | Greek | Herodian | Unknown biblical text. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52–53 | [400] | |
| 7Q6–18 | Unidentified | 7Q6–18 | Greek | Hellenistic-Roman; Herodian | Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus | [3] | |
| 7Q papImprint | Unidentified | 7Q19 | Greek | Herodian | Unidentified papyrus imprint. Very tiny fragments written on papyrus | [401] | |
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Qumran Cave 8
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 8, along with caves 7 and 9, was one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, cave 8 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. Cave 8 produced five fragments: Genesis (8QGen), Psalms (8QPs), a tefillin fragment (8QPhyl), a mezuzah (8QMez), and a hymn (8QHymn).[402] Cave 8 also produced several tefillin cases, a box of leather objects, tons of lamps, jars, and the sole of a leather shoe.[394][132][395]
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 8 | |||||||
| 8QGen | Genesis | 8Q1 | Genesis 17:12–13, 15, 18–19; 18:20–22, 24–25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | |
| 8QPs | Psalms | 8Q2 | Psalm 17:5–9, 14; 18:5–12 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | |
| 8QPhyl | Phylacteries | 8Q3 | Exodus 13:1–16; 12:43–51; 20:11
Deuteronomy 6:4–5; 6:1–3; 10:20–22; 10:12–19; 5:1–14; 10:13; 11:2–3; 10:21–22; 11:1; 11:6–12 |
Hebrew | 1–100 CE
Herodian |
Fragments from a "Phylactery" | [22] |
| 8QMez | Mezuzah | 8Q4 | Deuteronomy 10:1–11:21 | Hebrew | 30 BCE–68 CE
Herodian |
[22] | |
| 8QHymn | Unidentified hymn | 8Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | Non-biblical composition. | [3] | |
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Qumran Cave 9
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 9, along with caves 7 and 8, was one of the only caves that are accessible by passing through the settlement at Qumran. Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, Cave 9 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. There was only one manuscript fragment found in Cave 9.
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 9 | |||||||
| 9Qpap | Unidentified | 9Q1 | Hebrew | Roman | Written on papyrus. | [403] | |
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Qumran Cave 10
- Description
In Qumran Cave 10 archaeologists found two ostraca with writing on them, along with an unknown symbol on a grey stone slab.
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 10 | |||||||
| 10QOstracon | Ostracon | 10Q1 | Hebrew | Two letters written on a piece of pottery. | [404] | ||
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Qumran Cave 11
- Description
Wadi Qumran Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded 21 texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of which were quite lengthy. The Temple Scroll, so called because more than half of it pertains to the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem, was found in Cave 11, and is by far the longest scroll. It is now 26.7 feet (8.15 m) long. Its original length may have been over 28 feet (8.75 m). The Temple Scroll was regarded by scholar Yigael Yadin as "The Torah According to the Essenes". On the other hand, Hartmut Stegemann, a contemporary and friend of Yadin, believed the scroll was not to be regarded as such, but was a document without exceptional significance. Stegemann notes that it is not mentioned or cited in any known Essene writing.[405]
Also in Cave 11, an eschatological fragment about the biblical figure Melchizedek (11Q13) was found. Cave 11 also produced a copy of Jubilees.
According to former chief editor of the DSS editorial team John Strugnell, there are at least four privately owned scrolls from Cave 11, that have not yet been made available for scholars. Among them is a complete Aramaic manuscript of the Book of Enoch·.[406]
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Qumran Cave 11 | |||||||
| 11QpaleoLeva | Paleo-Leviticusa | 11Q1 | Leviticus 4:24–26; 10:4–7; 11:27–32; 13:3–9; 13:39–43; 14:16–21; 14:52–15:5; 16:2–4; 16:34–17:5; 18:27–19:4; 20:1–6; 21:6–11; 22:21–27; 23:22–29; 24:9–14; 25:28–36; 26:17–26; 27:11–19 | Hebrew | Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script | [3] | |
| 11QLevb | Leviticusb | 11Q2 | Leviticus | Hebrew | Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script | [3] | |
| 11QDeut | Deuteronomy | 11Q3 | Deuteronomy 1:4–5; 2:28–30 | Hebrew | 50 CE
Late Herodian |
[22] | |
| 11QEzek | Ezekiel | 11Q4 | Ezekiel | Hebrew | Herodian | [407][408] | |
| 11QPs | The Great Psalms Scroll | 11Q5 | Psalms | Hebrew | Herodian | A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalms—Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creator—all of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions. | [3] |
| 11QPsa | Psalms | 11Q5 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 11QPsb | 11Q6 | Psalm 77:18–21; 78:1; 109:3–4; 118:1; 118:15–16; 119:163–165; 133:1–3; 141:10; 144:1–2 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 11QPsc | 11Q7 | Psalm 2:1–8; 9:3–7; 12:5–9; 13:1–6; 14:1–6; 17:9–15; 18:1–12; 19:4–8; 25:2–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 11QPsd | 11Q8 | Psalm 6:2–4; 9:3–6; 18:26–29; 18:39–42; 36:13; 37:1–4; 39:13–14; 40:1; 43:1–3; 45:6–8; 59:5–8; 68:1–5; 68:14–18; 78:5–12; 81:4–9; 86:11–14; 115:16–18; 116:1 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 11QPse | 11Q9 | Psalm 50:3–7 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 11QtgJob | Targum Job | 11Q10 | Job | Aramaic | Herodian | A unique Aramaic translation of the Book of Job; presents Job somewhat more favourably. | [3] |
| 11QapocrPs | Apocryphal Psalms | 11Q11 | Psalm 91 | Hebrew | Herodian | Apocryphal paraphrase of Psalms 91 | [3] |
| 11QJub | Jubilees | 11Q12 | Hebrew | Herodian | Ethiopic text of Jubilees 4:6–11; 4:13–14; 4:16–17; 4:29–31; 5:1–2; 12:15–17; 12:28–29 | [3] | |
| 11QMelch | Melchizedek | 11Q13 | Contains Pesher/commentary on Leviticus 25:13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7:8–9; 82:2; Isaiah 52:7; Daniel 9:25; Leviticus 25:9 | Hebrew | 50–25 BCE or 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian |
Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in Hebrews, such as "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek" | [3][22] |
| 11Q Sefer ha-Milhamah | Sefer ha-Milhamah ("The Book of War") | 11Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including a messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation." | [3] | |
| 11QHymnsa | Hymns | 11Q15 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 11QHymnsb | 11Q16 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | |||
| 11QShirShabb | Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice | 11Q17 | Hebrew | Herodian | Collection of 13 hymns describing a heavenly temple service. | [3] | |
| 11QNJ | New Jerusalem | 11Q18 | Aramaic | Herodian | Appears to be an apocalyptic vision, including some architectural details of a very large city (cf. Ezekiel and Revelation) | [3] | |
| 11QTa | Temple Scroll | 11Q19 | Hebrew | Herodian | Rephrases the Pentateuch laws in the spirit of Deuteronomy, seeks to resolve biblical legal conflicts and expand ritual laws. | [3] | |
| 11QTb | Temple Scroll | 11Q20 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||
| 11QTc | 11Q21 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | |||
| 11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q22 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Unidentified fragments. | [3] | |
| 11Q23 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [3] | ||||
| 11Q24 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | [3] | ||||
| 11Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||||
| 11Q26 | Hebrew | Herodian | [3] | ||||
| 11Q27 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [3] | ||||
| 11Q28 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [3] | ||||
| 11Q29 | Serekh ha-Yahad related | ||||||
| 11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q30 | Hebrew | Herodian | Unidentified fragments. | [3] | |
| 11Q Unidentified | Unidentified | 11Q31 | Unidentified fragment | [409] | |||
| 11Q9999 | Unidentified | Hellenistic-Roman | [3] | ||||
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Wadi Murabba'at Cave 1
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Wadi Murabba'at Cave 1 | |||||||
| Mur1 | Pentateuch | Mur1 | Genesis 32:4–5, 30, 33–33:1; 34:5–7, 30–35:1, 4–7
Exodus 6:5-11 |
Hebrew | Roman | Parts of Genesis, Exodus, and Numbers. | [3] |
| MurDeut | Deuteronomy | Mur2 | Deuteronomy 10:1–3 | Hebrew | 20–84 AD
Roman |
[3][22] | |
| MurIsa | Isaiah | Mur3 | Hebrew | Roman | [3] | ||
| MurPhyl | Phylacteries | Mur4 | Contains Exodus 13:1–16;
Deuteronomy 11:13–21; 6:4–9 |
Hebrew | Roman | [3][22] | |
| MurMez | Mezouza | Mur5 | Contains Exodus 13:1–16;
Deuteronomy 11:13–21; 6:4–9 |
Hebrew | Roman | [3][22] | |
| Mur6 | Unidentified literary text | Mur6 | |||||
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Nahal Hever Cave 8
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nahal Hever Cave 8 | |||||||
| Nahal Hever Numbersa | Numbers | Numbers 19:2-4, 20:6-7 | Hebrew | ||||
| Numbers | Numbers 27:2-13, 28:11-12 | Hebrew | |||||
| Nahal Hever Deuteronomy | Deuteronomy | Deuteronomy 9:4-7,21-23 | Hebrew | ||||
| Nahal Hever Psalms | Psalms | Psalms 7:12–17; 8:1, 3–9; 9:12–21; 10:1–6, 8–10, 18; 11:1–5; 12:5–8; 13:1–2; 14:2–4; 15:1–5; 16:1; 18:5–12, 16–35, 37–42; 22:3–8; 14–20; 23:2–6; 24:1–2; 25:4–7; 29:2; 30:2; 31:1–21 | Hebrew | ||||
| Nahal Hever Greek Minor Prophets | Minor Prophets | Jonah 1:14–17; 2:1–6; 3:1–10; 4:1–2, 5; Micah 1:1–8; 2:7–8; 3:5–6; 4:3–10; 5:2–7; Nahum 1:13–14; 2:4–11; 3:3–16; Habakkuk 1:5–17; 2:1–8, 13–20; 3:8–15; Zephaniah 1:1–6, 13–18; 2:9–10; 3:6–7; Zechariah 1:1–4, 12–14, 19–21; 2:3–5, 7–8, 12–13; 3: | Greek | ||||
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Masada
More information Fragment or scroll identifier, Fragment or scroll name ...
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Masada | |||||||
| Masada Genesis | Genesis | MasGen | Genesis 46:7–11 | Hebrew | |||
| Masada Leviticusa | Leviticus | MasLeva | Leviticus 4:3–9 | Hebrew | |||
| Masada Leviticusb | Leviticus | MasLevb | Leviticus 8:31, 33–34; 9:1–10, 12–13, 22–24; 10:1, 9–20; 11:1–21, 23–40 | Hebrew | |||
| Masada Deuteronomy | Deuteronomy | MasDeut | Deuteronomy 33:17–24; 34:2–6 | Hebrew | |||
| Masada Psalmsa | Psalms | MasPsalmsa | Psalms 81–85, ending with 85:5 | Hebrew | |||
| Masada Psalmsb | Psalms | MasPsalmsb | Psalms 150 | Hebrew | |||
| Masada Ezekiel | Ezekiel | MasEzek | Ezekiel 35:11–15; 36:1–10, 13–14, 17–35; 37:1–14, 16, 23, 28; 38:1–4, 7–8 | Hebrew | |||
| Masada Sirach | Sirach | MasSir | Sir 39:27–32; 40:8, 11–20, 26–30; 41:1–43:21; 43:23–25, 30; 44:1–15, 17 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [410] | |
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- In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.
- Tov, Emanuel (2010). Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert. Brill. ISBN 9789047443797.
- "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
- Humphries, Mark (2006). Early Christianity. Oxford, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9780415205399.
- Trever, John C. (2003). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Personal Account. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 9781593330422.
- Vermes, Geza (1998). The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-024501-4..
- The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14–15.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15–16.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18.
- Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16–18.
- Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 19.
- OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 20.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 21.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21–22.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 22.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 23.
- VanderKam, James C. (1994). The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
- S.S.L. Frantisek Trstensky. "The Archaeological Site Of Qumran and the Personality Of Roland De Vaux" (PDF). Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- "Dead Sea Scrolls: Timetable". The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 25.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 26.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 27.
- "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 28.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28–29.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
- Milik, Józef Tadeusz (1957). Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de Juda. Paris, FR: Éditions du Cerf.R. de Vaux; Milik, Józef Tadeusz (1977). Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. Vol. 6. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198263173.Milik, Józef Tadeusz; Matthew Black (1976). The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments Qumran Cave 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198263173.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
- Florentino Garcia Martinez; Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar (1995). The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844934.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
- 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
- Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
- Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
- Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
- Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
- Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
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- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
- Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
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- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
- Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
- Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
- Collins, John J. (2001). "44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach". In Barton, J.; Muddiman, J. (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. London: Oxford University Press. p. 684. ISBN 978-0199277186. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22.
- "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104–105.
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- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 108.
- Baillet, Maurice ed. Les 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân (ed., vol. 3 of Discoveries in the Judaean Desert; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 144–45, pl. XXX.
- Muro, Ernest A., "The Greek Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 7 (7Q4, 7Q8, &7Q12 = 7QEn gr = Enoch 103:3–4, 7–8)," Revue de Qumran 18 no. 70 (1997).
- Puech, Émile, "Sept fragments grecs de la Lettre d'Hénoch (1 Hén 100, 103, 105) dans la grotte 7 de Qumrân (= 7QHén gr)," Revue de Qumran 18 no. 70 (1997).
- Humbert and Chambon, Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha, 67.
- Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 109.
- Baillet ed. Les 'Petites Grottes' de Qumrân (ed.), 147–62, pl. XXXIXXXV.
- "9Q1 at Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
- Evans, Craig. Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls. 2010.
- Stegemann, Hartmut. "The Qumran Essenes: Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times." Pages 83–166 in The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Madrid, 18–21 March 1991, Edited by J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner. Vol. 11 of Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Leiden: Brill, 1992.
- Shanks, Hershel (July–August 1994). "An Interview with John Strugnell". Biblical Archaeology Review. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- Fitzmyer 2008, p. 110.
- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 35–109. ISBN 9780802862419.
- Dead Sea Scrolls by Paul Conway
- A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls by David Washburn, 2002
- Textual Criticism: Recovering the Text of the Hebrew Bible by Peter Kyle McCarter, 1986