List_of_substances_used_in_rituals

List of substances used in rituals

Add article description

This page lists substances used in ritual context.

Psychoactive substances may be illegal to obtain, while non-psychoactive substances are legal, generally.

Psychoactive use

This sections lists entheogens; drugs that are consumed for their intoxicating effect in combinatin with spiritual practice.

Non-psychedelic substances used in rituals

This is a list of psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Some of these drugs are classified as hard drugs in terms of drug harmfulness.

Plant

The plant parts are listed to prevent accidents. For example, kava roots should always be used because the leaves of the plant are known to cause hepatoxicity and death.^[54]

More information Vernacular name, Species ...

Vernacular name	Species	Phytochemical(s)	Substance effect class	Regions/Cultures of use
Aztec tobacco	Nicotiana rustica	Leaf: up to 9% nicotine.^[55] MAOI beta-carbolines.	Stimulant	Mapacho (South America)^[56] and thuoc lao (thuốc lào) (Vietnam). Nicotiana rustica is used by Amazonian tobacco shamans known as tobaqueros.^[57] Nicotiana tabacum juice is sometimes a vernacular added ingredient.^[58]
Blue water lily	Nymphaea caerulea	Flower: Aporphine, and nuciferine	Depressant	Mayans and the Ancient Egyptians.^[59]
Chili pepper	Capsicum spp.	Fruit: Capsaicin	Deliriant	"While the Inca may have recognized chili's potent spiritual medicine, they weren't the only culture to do so. Chilies were mixed with tobacco and other plants by shamans and medicine people in pre-Columbian Central America to aid in journeys to the upper and lower worlds on behalf of mankind."^[60]
Coca, coca tea	Erythroxylaceae spp.	Leaf: 0.3-1.5% cocaine^[61]	Stimulant	Coca has been a vital part of the religious cosmology of the Andean peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, northern Argentina, and Chile from the pre-Inca period through the present. ^{[citation needed]} In addition, coca use in shamanic rituals is well documented wherever local native populations have cultivated the plant. For example, the Tairona people of Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta use to chew the plant before engaging in extended meditation and prayer.^[62]
Cocoa	Theobroma cacao	Bean: Theobromine, small amount of MAOIs	Stimulant	Ritualistic practices originated among the Olmec, Maya and Mexica (Aztec).^[63]
Coffee	Coffea spp.	Seed:^[64] caffeine 0.06-3.2%	Stimulant	The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in Yemen's Sufi monasteries.^[65] The Sufi monks drank coffee as an aid to concentration and even spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God.^[66]
Ilex guayusa	Ilex guayusa	Leaves: 1.73–3.48 % caffeine.^[67] Theanine	Stimulant	A ritual use by the Quechua people involves drinking guayusa infusion to have foretelling dreams for successful hunting expeditions.^[68] Ilex guayusa is used in ayahuasca admixtures for its healing powers.^[69]
Kava	Piper methysticum	Root:^[70] 3-20% kavalactones	Depressant	Kava cultures are the religious and cultural traditions of western Oceania which consume kava.
Khat	Catha edulis	Leaf:^[71] cathine up to 14% ^[72]^[73]	Stimulant	For centuries, religious leaders have consumed the leaves to stay awake during long nights of prayer.^[74]
Kratom	Mitragyna speciosa	Leaves: Opioids (1–6% mitragynine, 0.01–0.04% 7-hydroxymitragynine^[75])	Depressant	In Thailand, kratom was "used as a snack to receive guests and was part of the ritual worship of ancestors and gods." (Saingam et al.)^[76]
Opium, Opium poppy	Papaver somniferum	Latex exudate:^[77] morphine 0.3–25% and codeine 0.5–4%	Depressant	From the earliest finds, opium appears to have had ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power.^[78] In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth, and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache.^[79] A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus.^[80]^[81] The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of Apollo, Asklepios, Pluto, Demeter, Aphrodite, Kybele and Isis, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion.^[79] The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes.^[82]^{[better source needed]}
Pituri	Duboisia hopwoodii, Duboisia myoporoides, Nicotiana spp.	Nicotine, tropane alkaloids	Stimulant	Pituri, also known as mingkulpa,^[83] is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a stimulant (or, after extended use, a depressant) by Aboriginal Australians widely across the continent.
Tea	Camellia sinensis	Leaf:^[84] caffeine 0.4‍–‍9.3% theanine 0.5‍–‍1.4% theobromine 0.05‍–‍0.1%	Stimulant	See tea culture. For example, East Asian tea ceremony is a ritualized practice of making and serving tea (茶 cha) in East Asia practiced in the Sinosphere. Tea has been drunk by Buddhist monks since the Sui Dynasty (589–618 BC) to maintain a state of "mindful alertness" during long periods of meditation. Tea ceremonies have been ritualized for centuries.^{[citation needed]}

Alcohol

More information Vernacular name, Species ...

Vernacular name	Species	Phytochemical(s)	Substance effect class	Regions/Cultures of use
Alcoholic beverages	Yeast byproduct: Alcohol fermented species	Alcohol	Depressant	In the Vodou faith of Haiti, alcoholic drinks such as rum are consumed to be able to allow spirits called "lwa" to enter one's body and help them find the motivation for or strength to survive everyday struggles or life.^[85] In Vajrayana Buddhism, particularly in Tibetan Buddhist practices, alcohol may be used during specific rituals, such as the Ganachakra feast. This ritual involves the consumption of alcohol in a controlled manner, symbolizing the transformation of negative emotions and attachments into wisdom and compassion.^[86]^[87]^[88] In Taoist rituals and practices, alcohol also plays a role as an offering and a means of connecting with the divine. An alcoholic beverage is often used in religious ceremonies and as an offering to the ancestors. The use of alcohol in Taoist rituals can symbolize purification, blessings, and the establishment of a sacred space. In these instances, the consumption of alcohol is done in a controlled and mindful manner, reflecting the Taoist emphasis on balance and harmony. Some Hindu denominations, like the Aghori, incorporate alcohol into their rituals and practices.^[89]^[90] The Maya ritually administered alcohol enemas as an entheogen, sometimes adding other psychoactive substances, seeking to reach a state of ecstasy. Syringes of gourd and clay were used to inject the fluid.^[91] Alcohol replaced peyote as Native Americans' psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed.^[92]
Balché		Alcohol	Depressant	The Maya also consumed an alcoholic beverage called balché, which is an infusion of the bark of Lonchocarpus longistylus (see page Lonchocarpus violaceus) mixed with honey from bees fed on a type of morning glory with a high ergine content.^[93]
Beer	Yeast byproduct: Barley ( Liquid Gold spp.) (fermented)	Alcohol	Depressant	The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of gruel, used by the semi-nomadic Natufians for ritual feasting, at the Raqefet Cave in the Carmel Mountains near Haifa in Israel.^[94]^[95]
Chicha	Yeast byproduct: Corn (Zea mays), fermented	Alcohol	Depressant	The corn beer Chicha de jora was once a sacred drink of the Incas, often reserved for the most cherished of ceremonies.^[96]
Kosher wine	Yeast byproduct: Alcohol fermented species	Alcohol	Depressant	During the Jewish holiday of Purim, Jews are obligated to drink until their judgmental abilities become impaired.^[97]^[98] However, Purim has more of a national than a religious character.
Mead		Alcohol	Depressant	In the Norse religion the drinking of ales and meads was important in several seasonal religious festivals such as Yule and Midsummer as well as more common festivities like wakes, christenings and ritual sacrifices called Blóts.^[99]
Pulque		Alcohol	Depressant	Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas, pulque was used for religious ceremonies in Mesoamerica, but after the Spanish conquest, pulque consumption lost its ritual meanings.^[100]^[101]
Rakia	Collective term for fruit spirits (or fruit brandy) popular in the Balkans.	Alcohol	Depressant	Although wine is the essential part of the Eucharist rite in the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the region, rakia has found uses in certain religious and related rituals across the Balkans.^{[citation needed]} It is also used as a sacramental element in Bektashi and Alevi Jem ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".^[102]
Sake		Alcohol	Depressant	Sake is often consumed as part of Shinto purification rituals.^[103] Sakes served to gods as offerings prior to drinking are called Omiki (お神酒).^[104] People drink Omiki with gods to communicate with them and to solicit rich harvests the following year.
Tesgüino		Alcohol	Depressant	Tesguino is a corn beer made by the Tarahumara people of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. It is brewed for local celebrations related to Holy Week. For the Tarahumara, the beer is an elixir for healing, a barter item and is considered a sacred beverage.^[105] The Tarahumara people gather every year during Easter week (semana santa) and drink large amounts of Tesgüino together while following rituals. According to the anthropologist Bill Merrill of the Smithsonian Institution, the sacred drink chases large souls from the persons who drink it, "and so when people get drunk that's why they act like children [...] because the souls that are controlling their actions are the little souls, like little children".^[106]
Wine	Yeast byproduct: Grape (Vitis spp.) (fermented)	Alcohol	Depressant	Wine was used in rituals and worshipped by the Egyptians^[107] and the Greeks, specifically in worship of Dionysus. The Thelema ceremony calls for five officers: a Priest, a Priestess, a Deacon, and two adult acolytes, called "the Children". The end of the ritual culminates in the consummation of the eucharist, consisting of a goblet of wine and a Cake of Light, after which the congregant proclaims "There is no part of me that is not of the gods!"^[108]

Sober use

Psychoactive substances

Shown in the table below, Aztec tobacco, morning glories, and Syrian rue (also listed in the § Psychoactive use table), and cacao beans are (mildly) psychoactive when consumed.

Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article List_of_substances_used_in_rituals, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[1] [1]
"BUFO ALVARIUS, SONORAN DESERT TOAD (5MeoDMT): The experience of cosmic unity, which gives an enlightening vision of oneself and of existence". Alberto José Varela. 12 September 2016.

[2] [2]
Backshall, Steve (6 January 2008). "Bitten by the Amazon". London: The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2013.

[3] [3]
Schmull, Michaela; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lücking, Robert; Cao, Shugeng; Clardy, Jon; Lawrey, James D. (2014). "Dictyonema huaorani (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), a new lichenized basidiomycete from Amazonian Ecuador with presumed hallucinogenic properties". The Bryologist. 117 (4): 386–394. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.386. S2CID 84084929.

[4] [4]
Nyberg, H. (1992). "Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures". Karstenia. 32 (71–80): 71–80. doi:10.29203/ka.1992.294.

[Wasson_1980-5] [5]
Wasson, R. Gordon (1980). The wondrous mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 5–10. ISBN 978-0-07-068442-3.

[6] [6]
"Entada rheedii - African Dream Herb", www.entheology.org

[Sobiecki-7] [7]
J. F. Sobiecki (2008). "A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects" (PDF). Southern African Humanities. 20: 333–351. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2020-02-13.

[The_Way_of_the_Shaman-8] [8]
Harner, Michael (1980). The Way of the Shaman. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250373-2.

[9] [9]
Callaway, JC; Brito, GS; Neves, ES (2005). "Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 37 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795. PMID 16149327. S2CID 30736017.

[glasby-10] [10]
Glasby, J. S. (1991-07-02). Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-48987-1. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[11] [11]
"Chemical Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 2004-11-21. Retrieved 2008-04-11.

[12] [12]
Sałaga, Maciej; Fichna, Jakub; Socała, Katarzyna; Nieoczym, Dorota; Pieróg, Mateusz; Zielińska, Marta; Kowalczuk, Anna; Wlaź, Piotr (2016). "Neuropharmacological characterization of the oneirogenic Mexican plant Calea zacatechichi aqueous extract in mice". Metabolic Brain Disease. 31 (3): 631–641. doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9794-1. ISSN 0885-7490. PMC 4863909. PMID 26821073.

[gaillard-13] [13]
Moretti C, Gaillard Y, Grenand P, Bévalot F, Prévosto JM (June 2006). "Identification of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) in takini (Brosimumacutifolium Huber subsp. acutifolium C.C. Berg, Moraceae), a shamanic potion used in the Guiana Plateau". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 106 (2): 198–202. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.022. PMID 16455218.

[14] [14]
"Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa)". Giftpflanzen Compendium (in German). [Poisonous Plants Compendium]. Retrieved 2008-04-18.

[Shep_Leaves-15] [15]
"The Leaves of the Shepherdess". Sage Wisdom.

[16] [16]
Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH (1973). "Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer". J. Pharm. Sci. 62 (4): 588–591. doi:10.1002/jps.2600620409. PMID 4698977.

[17] [17]
"Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge". www.entheology.org.

[ibogaine-tihkal-18] [18]
"Erowid Online Books: "TIHKAL" - #25 IBOGAINE". Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovphytochemplantsshow5405chemact-label_"''Datura_stramonium''_(Solanaceae)"]-19] [19]
Duke, "Datura stramonium (Solanaceae)".

[Biaggioni-2011-p77-20] [20]
Biaggioni, Italo; et al. (2011). Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Academic Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-12-386525-0.

[Pennachio-2010-pp82-83-21] [21]
Pennachio, Marcello; et al. (2010). Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-19-537001-0.

[22] [22]
Davis, Wade (1997). The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic. Simon & Schuster. p. ^{[page needed]}. ISBN 978-0-684-83929-5.

[23] [23]
"Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil". www.maps.org.

[FOOTNOTERätsch20051376-24] [24]
Rätsch 2005, p. 1376.

[Andrews-25] [25]
Andrews, Steve; Rindsberg, Katrina (April 2001). Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere. Loompanics Unlimited. ISBN 978-1-55950-211-5. OCLC 780276732.

[26] [26]
Treza, Raphael (2011). "Hallucinogen honey hunters". topdocumentaryfilms.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.

[27] [27]
Jansen, Suze A.; Kleerekooper, Iris; Hofman, Zonne L. M.; Kappen, Isabelle F. P. M.; Stary-Weinzinger, Anna; van der Heyden, Marcel A. G. (September 2012). "Grayanotoxin Poisoning: 'Mad Honey Disease' and Beyond". Cardiovascular Toxicology. 12 (3): 208–215. doi:10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2. PMC 3404272. PMID 22528814.

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovpage-4_"''Ipomoea''"]-28] [28]
Duke, "Ipomoea".

[29] [29]
Carod-Artal, FJ (2015). "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures". Neurologia. 30 (1): 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003. PMID 21893367.

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovphytochemethnoplantsshow19320_''Ipomoea_violacea''_(Convolvulaceae)]-30] [30]
Duke, Ipomoea violacea (Convolvulaceae).

[31] [31]
Agurell, S; Holmstedt, B; Lindgren, JE; Schultes, RE (1969). "Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 23 (3): 903–16. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903. PMID 5806312.

[altreligion-32] [32]
Catherine Beyer. "Peyote and the Native American Church". About.com Religion & Spirituality. Retrieved 5 March 2015.

[33] [33]
Shield, James Mark (2007) [Revised from original 1990 version], Christ and the Cactus: A Study of Peyotism among the Canadian Sioux (PDF), Bucknell University, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-20, retrieved 2020-03-15

[FOOTNOTERätsch20051285-34] [34]
Rätsch 2005, p. 1285.

[35] [35]
Valdés, Leander J. III; Díaz, JoséLuis; Paul, Ara G. (December 2002). "Ethnopharmacology of ska María Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling AND Játiva-M.)". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 83 (3): 287–312. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1. hdl:2027.42/25229. PMID 6876852.

[J_Psy_Drugs-36] [36]
Ott, Jonathan (2001). "Pharmañopo-psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 33 (3): 273–281. doi:10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574. PMID 11718320. S2CID 5877023.

[ott1-37] [37]
Ott, Jonathan (2001). Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines. EthnoBotanica. p. 90. ISBN 1-888755-02-4.

[38] [38]
Ogalde, Juan P.; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)". Latin American Antiquity (in Spanish). 21 (4): 441–450. doi:10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441. S2CID 163915994.

[39] [39]
"2CB chosen over traditional entheogen's by South African healers". Tacethno.com. 2008-03-27. Retrieved May 15, 2012.

[40] [40]
The Nexus Factor - An Introduction to 2C-B Erowid

[41] [41]
Ubulawu Nomathotholo Pack Photo by Erowid. © 2002 Erowid.org

[42] [42]
"Church of Psilomethoxin".

[43] [43]
"Temple of the true inner light". psychede.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-03-31.

[44] [44]
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ketamine/ketamine_journal5.sdoc

[MDMA_and_Religion-45] [45]
MDMA and Religion Archived 2013-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. CSP. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.

[46] [46]
"Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A". Sagewisdom.org. Retrieved 2013-01-13.

[47] [47]
Brandt, Simon D.; Kavanagh, Pierce V.; Westphal, Folker; Stratford, Alexander; Odland, Anna U.; Klein, Adam K.; Dowling, Geraldine; Dempster, Nicola M.; Wallach, Jason; Passie, Torsten; Halberstadt, Adam L. (2020). "Return of the lysergamides. Part VI: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-cyclopropanoyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1CP-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 12 (6): 812–826. doi:10.1002/dta.2789. ISSN 1942-7611. PMC 9191646. PMID 32180350. S2CID 212738912.

[pmid2544892-48] [48]
Erspamer V, Melchiorri P, Falconieri-Erspamer G, et al. (July 1989). "Deltorphins: a family of naturally occurring peptides with high affinity and selectivity for delta opioid binding sites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (13): 5188–92. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.5188E. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.13.5188. PMC 297583. PMID 2544892.

[49] [49]
Melchiorri P, Negri L (1996). "The dermorphin peptide family". General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. 27 (7): 1099–1107. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(95)02149-3. PMID 8981054.

[50] [50]
Amiche, M.; Delfour, A.; Nicolas, P. (1998). "Opioid peptides from frog skin". In Pierre Jolles (ed.). d-Amino Acids in Sequences of Secreted Peptides of Multicellular Organisms. Experientia Supplementum (EXS). Vol. 85. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Basel. pp. 57–71. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8837-0_4 (inactive 2024-03-29). ISBN 978-3-0348-9794-5. ISSN 1664-431X. PMID 9949868.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link) Link to Springer (publisher) page for Experientia Supplementum (EXS) series

[51] [51]
Leban, V; Kozelk, G; Brvar, M (2016). "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after giant leaf frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) venom exposure". Toxicon. 120: 107–109. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.007. PMID 27421671.

[52] [52]
Daly, M (May 10, 2016). "How Amazonian Tree Frog Poison Became the Latest Treatment for Addiction". Vice.

[53] [53]
"About Kambo". International Association of Kambo Practitioners. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2020-02-13.

[54] [54]
"KavaKava". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012. PMID 31643176.

[55] [55]
"Nicotiana sp". artsci.wustl.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-03-17.

[56] [56]
"Shamanic Tobaccos". Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge - A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. Bantam. 1992. p. 196. ISBN 0-553-37130-4.

[57] [57]
"Meeting The Tobacco Spirit - Reality Sandwich". Reality Sandwich. 27 March 2014.

[FOOTNOTERätsch2005908,_924–926-58] [58]
Rätsch 2005, pp. 908, 924–926.

[59] [59]
Bertol, Elisabetta; Fineschi, Vittorio; Karch, Steven B.; Mari, Francesco; Riezzo, Irene (2004). "Nymphaea cults in ancient Egypt and the New World: a lesson in empirical pharmacology". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 97 (2): 84–85. doi:10.1177/014107680409700214. PMC 1079300. PMID 14749409.

[60] [60]
"Magical and Historical Uses for Chili Pepper and Cayenne". The Practical Herbalist. 3 November 2015.

[61] [61]
"Illicit Production of Cocaine – [www.rhodium.ws]". Erowid.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.

[banrep.gov.co-62] [62]
Museo del Oro, Banco de la República. "Museo del Oro, Colombia" (in Spanish). Banrep.gov.co. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012.

[63] [63]
Dillinger, T. L.; Barriga, P.; Escárcega, S.; Jimenez, M.; Salazar Lowe, D.; Grivetti, L. E. (2000). "Food of the gods: Cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (8S Suppl): 2057S–72S. doi:10.1093/jn/130.8.2057S. PMID 10917925.

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovphytochemplantsshow5301chemact-label_''Coffea_arabica''_(Rubiaceae)]-64] [64]
Duke, Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae).

[Bennett-65] [65]
Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). The world of caffeine. Routledge. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9.

[66] [66]
McHugo, John (18 April 2013). "How a drink downed by Arab mystics went global". BBC News.

[Lewis_1991_25–30-67] [67]
Lewis, WH; Kennelly, EJ; Bass, GN; Wedner, HJ; Elvin, L (1991). "Ritualistic use of the holly Ilex guayusa by Amazonian Jivaro Indians". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 33 (1–2): 25–30. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(91)90156-8. PMID 1682531.

[68] [68]
Spruce, R. (1996). Notas de un botánico en el Amazonas y los Andes. Quito, Ecuador: Colección Tierra Incógnita.

[FOOTNOTERätsch20051656-69] [69]
Rätsch 2005, p. 1656.

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovphytochemplantsshow6326_"''Piper_methysticum''_(Piperaceae)"]-70] [70]
Duke, "Piper methysticum (Piperaceae)".

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovphytochemplantsshow5177chemact-label_"''Catha_edulis''_(Celastraceae)"]-71] [71]
Duke, "Catha edulis (Celastraceae)".

[72] [72]
"Compound Summary: Cathinone". PubChem. NIH National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem CID 62258. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

[73] [73]
Szendrei, K. (1980). "The chemistry of khat". UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics. 32 (3–002). United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime: 5–35. PMID 6911031.

[74] [74]
"New Features".

[75] [75]
Kikura-Hanajiri, Ruri; Kawamura, Maiko; Maruyama, Takuro; Kitajima, Mariko; Takayama, Hiromitsu; Goda, Yukihiro (July 2009). "Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant "kratom" (Mitragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS". Forensic Toxicology. 27 (2): 67–74. doi:10.1007/s11419-009-0070-5. ISSN 1860-8973. S2CID 25610332.

[76] [76]
Singh, Darshan; Narayanan, Suresh; Vicknasingam, Balasingam (September 2016). "Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature". Brain Research Bulletin. 126 (Pt 1): 41–46. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004. PMID 27178014. S2CID 3952688.

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovphytochemplantsshow6233chemact-label_"''Papaver_somniferum''_(Papaveraceae)"]-77] [77]
Duke, "Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae)".

[Brownstein-78] [78]
M J Brownstein (June 15, 1993). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (12): 5391–5393. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.5391B. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.

[Schiff-79] [79]
Paul L. Schiff, Jr. (2002). "Opium and its alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007.

[80] [80]
"The Early History of the Poppy and Opium -- OpiumPoppies.org". 27 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27.

[81] [81]
E. Guerra Doce (January 1, 2006). "Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria". Trastornos Adictivos (in Spanish). 8 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2007. (includes image)

[82] [82]
"Papaver somniferum - Opium Poppy". Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge. n.d.

[83] [83]
Ratsch, Angela; Mason, Andrea; Rive, Linda; Bogossian, Fiona; Steadman, Kathryn (2017). "The Pituri Learning Circle: Central Australian Aboriginal women's knowledge and practices around the use of Nicotiana SPP. As a chewing tobacco". Rural and Remote Health. 17 (3): 4044. doi:10.22605/RRH4044. PMID 28780876.

[FOOTNOTEDuke[httpsphytochemnalusdagovphytochemplantsshow5126chemact-label_"''Camellia_sinensis''_(Theaceae)"]-84] [84]
Duke, "Camellia sinensis (Theaceae)".

[85] [85]
Tann, Mambo Chita (2012-02-08). Haitian Vodou: An Introduction to Haiti's Indigenous Spiritual Tradition. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7387-3163-6.

[FOOTNOTESnellgrove1987168-86] [86]
Snellgrove 1987, p. 168.

[FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribeWynne2012212-87] [87]
Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012, p. 212.

[Williams,_Wynne_page_236-88] [88]
Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012, p. 236.

[89] [89]
Sharma, Nitasha; Rickly, Jillian (2019-11-02). "'The smell of death and the smell of life': authenticity, anxiety and perceptions of death at Varanasi's cremation grounds". Journal of Heritage Tourism. 14 (5–6): 466–477. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2019.1610411. S2CID 164957487.

[90] [90]
Holden, Lynn (2001). Taboos: Structure and Rebellion. The Institute for Cultural Research. p. 19. ISBN 978-0904674330.

[Maya_Gourd-91] [91]
Carod-Artal, F.J. (2015). "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures". Neurología (English Edition). 30 (1): 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010. PMID 21893367.

[92] [92]
French L (2008). "Psychoactive agents and Native American spirituality: Past and present". Contemporary Justice Review. 11 (2): 155–63. doi:10.1080/10282580802058270. S2CID 143549807.

[93] [93]
Evans, Susan Toby (2013). Ancient Mexico & Central America : archaeology and culture history. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-29065-1. OCLC 811320587.

[94] [94]
"'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers". British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.

[95] [95]
"13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world". The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

[96] [96]
"This Ancient Incan Corn Beer Might Bring You Closer to the Gods". Munchies. 25 April 2016.

[97] [97]
Borras, Laurence; Khazaal, Yasser; Khan, Riaz; Mohr, Sylvia; Kaufmann, Yves-Alexandre; Zullino, Daniele; Huguelet, Philippe (1 December 2010). "The relationship between addiction and religion and its possible implication for care". Substance Use & Misuse. 45 (14): 2357–2410. doi:10.3109/10826081003747611. PMC 4137975. PMID 21039108.

[98] [98]
"Drinking on Purim". aishcom. 28 February 2015.

[99] [99]
Fernando Guerrero Rodriguez, Jesus (2007). "Old Norse Drinking Culture" (PDF).

[100] [100]
William B. Taylor. Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

[101] [101]
Katzew, Ilona (2004). Casta Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 112.

[102] [102]
Soileau, Mark (August 2012). "Spreading the Sofra: Sharing and Partaking in the Bektashi Ritual Meal". History of Religions. 52 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1086/665961. JSTOR 10.1086/665961. Retrieved June 5, 2021.

[Kasulis2004-103] [103]
Thomas P. Kasulis (August 2004). Shinto. University of Hawaii Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8248-6430-9.

[Bocking2005-104] [104]
Brian Bocking (30 September 2005). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-135-79738-6.

[NPR-105] [105]
"The Sacred Corn Beer of the Tarahumara". NPR.org.

[npr_sacred-106] [106]
John Burnett, The Sacred Corn Beer of the Tarahumara, Npr.org, 25 March 2005

[107] [107]
"The History of Alcohol - Invent.Answers.com". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.

[108] [108]
"Liber 15 – The Gnostic Mass". sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 2023-08-17. Retrieved 2023-08-31.

[109] [109]
Zapata Ortiz, Vicente (1952). "The Problem of the Chewing of the Coca Leaf in Peru". UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics (2–008). United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime: 26–33.

[110] [110]
Hanna, Joel; Hornick, Conrad A. (January–March 1977). "Use of coca leaf in southern Peru: Adaptation or addiction". UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics. 29 (1–006). United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime: 63–74.

[111] [111]
"Report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council: 31. May 1950. Retrieved August 4, 2014.

[112] [112]
Jenkins, Amanda J.; Llosa, Teobaldo; Montoya, Ivan; Cone, Edward J. (9 February 1996). "Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea". Forensic Science International. 77 (3): 179–189. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(95)01860-3. ISSN 0379-0738. PMC 2705900. PMID 8819993.

[113] [113]
Biondich, Amy Sue; Joslin, Jeremy David (2016). "Coca: The History and Medical Significance of an Ancient Andean Tradition". Emergency Medicine International. 2016: 4048764. doi:10.1155/2016/4048764. ISSN 2090-2840. PMC 4838786. PMID 27144028.

[114] [114]
Biwer, Matthew E.; Álvarez, Willy Yépez; Bautista, Stefanie L.; Jennings, Justin (February 2022). "Hallucinogens, alcohol and shifting leadership strategies in the ancient Peruvian Andes". Antiquity. 96 (385): 142–158. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.177. S2CID 246999684.

[115] [115]
Gigliarelli, G; Becerra, JX; Curini, M; Marcotullio, MC (12 December 2015). "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Fragrant Mexican Copal (Bursera spp.)". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 20 (12): 22383–94. doi:10.3390/molecules201219849. PMC 6332072. PMID 26703535.

[116] [116]
"Church endorses 'holy water' and ARVs as people flock to miracle mountain". The New Humanitarian. 2007-05-25. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.

[117] [117]
"HIV Prevention and Counseling at Holy Water Sites in Ethiopia". globalhealth.washington.edu. 2015-09-28. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.

[brsk-118] [118]
Smithsonian Institution. "Buddhist ritual sprinkler (kundika) <Internet>". Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.

[skws-119] [119]
The British Museum. "Stoneware kundika (water sprinkler) <Internet>". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.

[120] [120]
"USDA Plants Database" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-22.

[121] [121]
DeKorne, Jim (2011). Psychedelic shamanism: the cultivation, preparation, and shamanic use of psychotropic plants (Rev. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-999-5.

[122] [122]
Cleversley, Keith (January 2002). "Peganum harmala - Syrian Rue". Entheology.com.

[FOOTNOTERätsch2005"''Peganum_harmala''_Linnaeus:_Syrian_Rue,_Harmel",_pp._1022–1928-123] [123]
Rätsch 2005, "Peganum harmala Linnaeus: Syrian Rue, Harmel", pp. 1022–1928.

[124] [124]
Quilter, Jeffrey (2022). The Ancient Central Andes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge World Archaeology. pp. 38–39, 279. ISBN 978-0-367-48151-3.

[125] [125]
Gutiérrez, Isabel. "Día de los Muertos: Learning about death through observing and pitching in". ResearchGate. p. 234.

[NATG-126] [126]
Meet Maximón: The Liquor-Drinking, Chain-Smoking Saint, National Geographic, Bethany Jones, January 24th, 2018

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

Vernacular name	Species	Phytochemical(s)	Substance effect class	Regions/Cultures of use
Bufotoxins	Bufo alvarius (and other Bufo spp.)	Secretion: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin (et al.)	Psychedelic	Bufo alvarious secretion has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.^[1] Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.
Bullet ant venom	Paraponera clavata	Secretion: Poneratoxin	Deliriant	The Satere-Mawe people use bullet ants to get extremely painful stings in their initiation rites twenty times.^[2]

Vernacular name	Species	Phytochemical(s)	Substance effect class	Regions/Cultures of use
Dictyonema huaorani	Dictyonema huaorani	5-MeO-DMT, DMT, psilocybin	Psychedelic	Confirmed used by shamans.^[3]
Fly agaric	Amanita muscaria	Muscimol, ibotenic acid	Depressant, and dissociative	Siberian shamans.^[4] Scandinavia. Lithuania.
Panther cap	Amanita pantherina	Muscimol, ibotenic acid	Depressant, and dissociative	^{[citation needed]}
Psilocybin mushroom	Psilocybe spp. (etc.)	Psilocybin and psilocin; baeocystin, norbaeocystin and aeruginascin (in trace amounts or in select species)	Psychedelic	Mazatec^[5]

Vernacular name	Species	Phytochemical(s)	Substance effect class	Regions/Cultures of use
African dream herb	Entada rheedii	Seed	Oneirogen	The species is employed in African traditional medicine to induce vivid dreams, enabling communication with the spirit world. The inner meat of the seed would be either consumed directly, or the meat would be chopped, dried, mixed with other herbs like tobacco and smoked just before sleep to induce the desired dreams.^[6]
African dream root	Silene undulata	Root: Possibly triterpenoid saponins	Oneirogen	Xhosa people of South Africa.^[7]
Angel's trumpet	Brugmansia spp.	Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids	Deliriant	South America,^[8] sometimes used as part of ayahuasca.
Ayahuasca	Banisteriopsis caapi	Bark: Harmine 0.31-0.84%,^[9] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine,^[10] 5-MeO-DMT^[11]	Psychedelic	South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States.
Bitter-grass	Calea ternifolia	Leaf: Caleicines and caleochromenes	Oneirogen	The Chontal people of Oaxaca reportedly use the plant, known locally as thle-pela-kano, during divination.^[12]
Bolivian torch cactus	Echinopsis lageniformis	Stem: Mescaline	Psychedelic	South America
Brosimum acutifolium		Latex: Bufotenin	Psychedelic	Bufotenin has been identified as a component in the latex of the takini (Brosimum acutifolium) tree, which is used as a psychedelic by South American shamans.^[13]
Cannabis (and cannabis concentrates)	Cannabis spp.	Flower: Cannabinoids (THC, and CBD)	Psychedelic	Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups (see entheogenic use of cannabis)
Chacruna	Psychotria viridis	Leaf: DMT	Psychedelic	UDV of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. Santo Daime have used it as part of ayahuasca.
Chaliponga	Diplopterys cabrerana	Leaf: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, DMT	Psychedelic	Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of ayahuasca.
Changa	A DMT/MAOI-infused smoking blend	DMT/MAOI	Psychedelic	Changa has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.^{[citation needed]}
Christmasvine	Turbina corymbosa	Seed: LSA, lysergol, and turbicoryn; up to 0.03% lysergic acid alkaloids^[14]	Psychedelic	Mazatec^[15]
Harmal (espand, Syrian rue)	Peganum harmala	Seed: Harmaline and other harmala alkaloids	Psychedelic	Iran and the Middle East.
Hawaiian baby woodrose	Argyreia nervosa	Seed: 0.325% ergoline derivatives of dry weight.^[16]	Psychedelic	Huna shamans used them according to various oral histories.^[17]
Henbane	Hyoscyamus niger	Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids	Deliriant	Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages.
Iboga	Tabernanthe iboga	Root bark: Ibogaine^[18]	Psychedelic	Bwiti religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
Jimson weed	Datura stramonium	Seed, flower, leaf:^[19] tropane alkaloids: atropine ~0.1 hyoscyamine up to 0.05% Scopolamine up to 0.3%	Deliriant	Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.^[20]^[21]^[22] It has also been used by Sadhus of India, and the Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
Jurema	Mimosa tenuiflora syn. Mimosa hostilis	Root bark: 1-1.7% DMT and yuremamine	Psychedelic	Used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in the Northeastern Brazil.^[23]^[24]
Labrador tea	Rhododendron spp.	Leaf: Ledol, some grayanotoxins	Deliriant	Caucasian peasants used Rhododendron plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.^[25]
Mad honey	Rhododendron ponticum	Nectar: Grayanotoxins	Deliriant	In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.^[26]^[27]
Mexican morning glory	Ipomoea tricolor	Seed: Ergoline derivatives^[28]^{[failed verification]} (LSA disputed)	Psychedelic	Zapotecs^[29]
Beach moonflower	Ipomoea violacea	Seed: Ergoline derivatives^[30]^{[failed verification]} (LSA disputed)	Psychedelic	Mazatec^[15]
Nyakwána	Virola elongata	Bark, roots, leaves and flowers: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT	Psychedelic	The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an entheogen known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of 5-MeO-DMT and DMT.^[31]
Peruvian torch cactus	Echinopsis peruviana	Stem: Mescaline	Psychedelic	Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
Peyote	Lophophora williamsii	Stem: Mescaline	Psychedelic	Native American Church is known as peyotism.^[32]^[33] Also used in the Oshara tradition.
Red ucuuba	Virola sebifera	Bark: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT	Psychedelic	The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by shamans of the indigenous people of Venezuela in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.^[34]
Salvia	Salvia divinorum	Leaf: Salvinorin A and other salvinorins	Psychedelic	Mazatec^[35]
San Pedro cactus	Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi (syn. Echinopsis pachanoi)	Stem: Mescaline	Psychedelic	South America
Vilca	Anadenanthera colubrina	Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin.^[36] DMT	Psychedelic	There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name hatáj.^[37]
Yopo	Anadenanthera peregrina	Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 7.4% bufotenin.^[36] DMT	Psychedelic	Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.^[38]

Substance	IUPAC name	Substance effect class	Notes
2C-B	4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine	Psychedelic	2C-B is used as entheogen by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants. It is referred to as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".^[39]^[40]^[41]
4-Hydroxy-5-methoxydimethyltryptamine (psilomethoxin)	4-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine	Psychedelic	Psilomethoxin is used as a religious sacrament by the Church of Psilomethoxin.^[42]
5-MeO-DMT	2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-2-amine	Psychedelic	See species
Bufotenin	3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol	Psychedelic	See species
DMT	2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine	Psychedelic	See species
DPT	N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine	Psychedelic	DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.^[43]
Harmaline	7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole	Psychedelic	See Peganum harmala
Ibogaine	12-Methoxyibogamine	Psychedelic	See Tabernanthe iboga
Ketamine		Dissociative	Ketamine psychedelic therapy (KPT) have been used for preparation for death (thanatological, death-rebirth psychotherapy)^[44]
LSA	(8β)-9,10-didehydro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide	Psychedelic	See species
LSD	(6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide	Psychedelic	Used by League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD), and the Neo-American Church.
MDMA	(RS)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine	Entactogen	Small doses of MDMA are used as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation by some religious practitioners.^[45]
Muscimol	5-(Aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol	Deliriant	See Amanita spp.
Psilocybin	[3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate	Psychedelic	(See also Psilocybe spp) Prodrug for Psilocin. The Mazatec curandera María Sabina was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic psilocybin named Indocybin synthesized by Albert Hofmann.^[46]
Salvinorin A	methyl (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(furan-3-yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylate	Psychedelic	See Salvia divinorum

Substance	IUPAC name	Substance effect class	Notes
1A-LSD	(6aR,9R)-4-acetyl-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide	Psychedelic	Prodrug (suspected) for LSD
1P-LSD	(6aR,9R)-N,N-Diethyl-7-methyl-4-propanoyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide	Psychedelic	Prodrug (suspected) for LSD. In tests on mice 1cP-LSD was found to be an active psychedelic with similar potency to 1P-LSD.^[47]
4-AcO-DMT	3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yl acetate	Psychedelic	Prodrug for psilocin (found in psilocybin mushroom, see also psilocybin)

List_of_substances_used_in_rituals

List of substances used in rituals

Psychoactive use

Psychedelic substances

Animal

Mushroom

Plant

Chemicals

Prodrugs

Non-psychedelic substances used in rituals

Animal

Plant

Alcohol

Chemicals

Poly drug use

Complements to psychoactive substances

Sober use

Non-psychoactive substances

Psychoactive substances

Psychedelic substances used in sober rituals

Flora

Non-psychedelic substances used in sober rituals

Alcohol

See also

References

Works cited

Databases

Further reading

Share this article:

Substance	IUPAC name	Substance effect class	Notes
Alcohol	Ethanol	Depressant	See Vitis spp.
Caffeine	1,3,7-Trimethylpurine-2,6-dione	Stimulant	See Coffea
Cathine	(1S,2S)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol	Stimulant	See Catha edulis
Cocaine	Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate	Stimulant	Coca addicts ingest between 60 and 80 milligrams of cocaine each time they chew the leaves according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).^[109] However, other sources claim that the coca leaf, when consumed in its natural form or as coca tea, does not induce a physiological or psychological dependence, nor does abstinence after long-term use produce symptoms typical for substance addiction withdrawal syndromes.^[110]^[111]^[112]^[113] See also Erythroxylum coca, and Erythroxylum novogranatense spp.
Codeine	(5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-ol	Depressant	Prodrug for morphine
Kavalactones		Depressant	See Piper methysticum
Morphine	(4R,4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-3-Methyl-2,3,4,4a,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol	Depressant	See Papaver somniferum

Vernacular name	Species	Phytochemical(s)	Substance effect class	Regions/Cultures of use
Alcohol + vilca	Anadenanthera colubrina	Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin.^[36] DMT	Psychedelic + depressant	Between 2013 and 2017, archaeological excavations at the Quilcapampa site in southern Peru, found that the Wari used seeds from the vilca tree and combined the hallucinogenic drug with chicha, or beer made from the molle tree.^[114]
Psilocybin mushroom + cocoa^{[dubious – discuss]}	Theobroma cacao	Bean: Theobromine, small amount of MAOIs	Stimulant	Aztecs combined cacao with psilocybin mushrooms to yield a polysubstance combination^{[citation needed]}

Vernacular name	Species	Use	Regions/Cultures of use
Chrism, also called myrrh, and holy anointing oil		Element in anointing of the sick, baptism, and priesthood blessing	Sacramental olive oil. Use in the Roman Catholic Church: Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church, and Oil of Catechumens. Use by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Priesthood blessing
Copal	Bursera fagaroides	Religious use of incense	Used by Aztec, and Maya, in ritual ceremonies.^[115]
Holy water		Element in baptism, exorcism, and Epiphany	Exorcism in the Catholic Church, holy water in Eastern Christianity, holy water in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Holy water is important to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and regarded as healing from demonic possession and for treating sick people, particularly in cases of mental illness. It can be consumed or poured over someone supposed to be afflicted by harmful things.^[116]^[117] Most Mahayana Buddhists typically recite sutras or various mantras (typically that of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara for example) numerous times over the water, which is then either consumed or is used to bless homes afterwards. In Vajrayana Buddhism, a Bumpa, a ritual object, is one of the Ashtamangala, used for storing sacred water sometimes, symbolizing wisdom and long life.^[118]^[119]
Liquids		Libation	The drink offering (Hebrew ְנֶסֶך, nesekh) was a form of libation forming one of the sacrifices and offerings of the Law of Moses.
Sacramental bread, sacramental wine		Elements of the Eucharist	In the Christian ceremony the sacramental bread is either leavened or unleavened, and the wine is non-alcoholic and often red.
White Sage	Salvia apiana	Ritual purification	Different parts of the plant are used in ritual purification by several Native American cultures.^[120]

Vernacular name	Species	Use	Regions/Cultures of use
Morning glory	T. corymbosa, and Ipomoea violacea	Numerology	"indigenous ritual use indicates dose levels for T. corymbosa, and I. violacea which are far lower than that perceived as necessary to effect hallucinosis in members of modern Western cultures. In Mexico, the only place in the world where the ingestion of morning glory seeds has an established tradition of shamanic usage, a hallucinogenic dose is said to be only thirteen seeds, a ritual amount based on religious numerology rather than chemical analysis."^[121]^{[page needed]}
Syrian rue	Peganum harmala	Incense	"In the Himalayas, shamans use syrian rue seeds as a magical incense, inhaling it to enter a trance state in which they can engage in sexual intercourse with divining goddesses, who are said to give them information and great healing powers"^[122]^[123]

Vernacular name	Species	Use	Regions/Cultures of use
Cacao bean	Theobroma cacao	Sacrifice	^{[citation needed]}
Coca leaves		Sacrifice	Sometimes coca leaves from the plant were used as offerings in rituals. Due to the nature of politics and religion in the Inca Empire, wealthy inhabitants handed out coca leaves during ritual ceremonies.^[124]

Vernacular name	Use	Regions/Cultures of use
Alcohol (liquor), and tobacco	Ofrenda	An ofrenda (Spanish: "offering") is the offering placed in a home altar during the annual and traditionally Mexican Día de los Muertos celebration. An ofrenda, which may be quite large and elaborate, is usually created by the family members of a person who has died and is intended to welcome the deceased to the altar setting. For deceased adults, the ofrenda might include a bottle or poured shot glasses of tequila or mezcal.^[125]^{[better source needed]}
Alcohol (liquor), and tobacco	Veneration	Maximón is venerated in the form of an effigy or cult image. Worship varies greatly by location. In Santiago Atitlán, Maximón's effigy resides in a different household every year. His image is normally only taken out of this house during Holy Week, whereafter it will change households, but is on display year-round due to the popularity of pilgrimages. The effigy has special attendants that stay by the altar year-round, drinking and smoking alongside it. They deliver offerings from the public to the image. Popular offerings include money, tobacco, and moonshine.^[126]
Kosher wine	Element in Kiddush