List_of_steamboats_on_the_Yukon_River

List of steamboats on the Yukon River

List of steamboats on the Yukon River

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This is a list of steamboats on the Yukon River. Please see Steamboats of the Yukon River for historical context.

Klondikers headed down the Yukon for the Nome Gold Rush, Sept. 22, 1899

White Pass & Yukon Route vessels

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White Pass Barges (102 vessels): 25 barges built by White Pass. 58 barges (including 7 not used) purchased from the Northern Navigation and Northern Commercial Cos. 19 barges (including 2 not used) purchased from others.

No. of Barges used in each year: 1903–4; 1904–7; 1905–8; 1906–10; 1907–13; 1908 to 1912–12; 1913–13; 1914 to 1916–63 (reflects purchase of Northern Navigation Co.); 1917–58; 1918 and 1919–55; 1920–54; 1921–47; 1922–45; 1923–42 (reflects end of service west of Tanana); 1924–32; 1925 and 1926–23; 1927 and 1928–24; 1929–26; 1930–22; 1931–21; 1932–22; 1933–21; 1934 to 1937–20; 1938 to 1940–18; 1941–17; 1942–16; 1943–12 (reflects end of service west of Dawson); 1944 to 1947–13; 1948–15; 1949–16; 1950–14; 1951–12.

For the roster of White Pass winter stages, see, Overland Trail (Yukon).

For the roster of White Pass railroad equipment, see, List of White Pass and Yukon Route locomotives and cars.

Alaska Railroad vessels

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Other vessels

The following lists many pre-1955[67] vessels of the Yukon River, tributaries, and headwaters that are not listed above. It is not a complete list.

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References

  1. It is common for aboriginal place names to remain in English. Cruikshank, Julie (1990) "Getting the Words Right: Perspectives on Naming and Places in Athapaskan Oral History." 27 Arctic Anthropology (No. 1) 52, 63. ("[2] Names can persist. Place names ... are words which can be isolated, recorded, understood and learned by a non-speaker of the language and they can remain in English versions ...").] However, in order to represent aboriginal place names in writing, the pronunciations of these names had to be conformed to English phonology. The aboriginal languages had no written alphabet. Glave, Edward J. (1892). "Pioneer Packhorses in Alaska – 1." 44 Century Magazine 673 (September 1892). Furthermore, they had about 12 sounds that do not occur in English. Therefore, there were no symbols which corresponded to these non-English sounds. If the aboriginal place names were to be preserved in writing, the pronunciations had to be conformed to English sounds. An example of a sound which does not occur in English is the initial consonant in the word Tlingit. It is a lateral sound, which means that it is made to the side of the tongue. Begin by holding the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, as you would when you begin to pronounce a "d" or "t" sound. Then drop a side of the tongue and make a "thl" sound on that side. In addition, aboriginal place names usually describe some prominent characteristic of the place. See, Cruikshank (1990) "Getting the Words Right," at page 63 ("[3] Names provide a unique way of encoding information. Many of the names reflect changes in landscape or in movements of plants and animals."). Descriptive place names were needed as a tool to guide the traveler. See, Davidson, George (1883). The Kohklux Map. Yukon Historical & Museums Assn., at page 25. The aboriginal traveler had to commit to memory only the description of a place, and no additional arbitrary name. This was of assistance, because the aboriginal languages had not been reduced to writing prior to the arrival of the English or Russian language. As a consequence of having access only to information that could be remembered, people in the pre-1900 aboriginal societies had to deal with the world quite differently from people today.
  2. Gross Tons represents the sum of the number of cubic feet in the hull plus the number of cubic feet in enclosed spaces above the hull, divided by 100. It is not the actual weight of the boat. See, Tonnage.
  3. Bergsland, Knut, ed. (1994). Aleut Dictionary: Unangam Tunudgusii. Alaska Native Language Center., 49 (Alaxsx-a [mainland Alaska]), 50 (alaĝu-x [sea]), 548 (suffix -sx[-a] [object of action]).
  4. Bright, William (2007). Native American Placenames in the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806135984.
  5. Curtin, Walter R. (1938). Yukon Voyage: Unofficial Log of the Steamer Yukoner. Caxton Printers., at pp. 278-81, 284, 287.
  6. Alaska Commercial Co. Account #278 (1911 Alice & Susitna sale), Box 8, Folder 2; AC Co. Ledger, 1908–1911, Box 28, Alaska Commercial Co. Records, Accession No. JL006, Dept. of Special Collections, Leland Stanford, Jr. University, Stanford, California. The AC Co. still operated coastwise steamers as of 1909. The Northern Navigation Co. never operated on the Susitna River, where this boat operated from 1909 to 1911.
  7. Except for the Anglian, the remaining seven boats that the Canadian Development Co. built itself, purchased new, or renamed, were named for the stampeders of prior gold rushes: AustraliainVictoria in 1851; CanadianBritish Columbia in 1850 and 1861; [British] ColumbianCanada in 1850 and 1861; Tasmanian (2 boats) – Beaconsfield in 1877; VictorianAustralia in 1851; [New] ZealandianOtago in 1864. The company built the Australian itself, purchased new the Canadian, Columbian, Victorian, Steamer Tasmanian, and Launch Tasmanian; and renamed one of its pre-owned boats, the Zealandian.
  8. Kitchener, Lois D. (1954). Flag Over the North: The Story of the Northern Commercial Company. Superior Publishing Co., at pp. 102-04, 107, 111, 114.
  9. Berton, Pierre (1958). The Klondike Fever: The Life and Death of the Last Great Gold Rush. Alfred A. Knopf., at pp. 192, 310-11.
  10. Akrigg, G. Philip; Helen B. Akrigg (1997). British Columbia Place Names (3rd ed.). UBC Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-7748-0636-2. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  11. Turner, Robert D. (2015). The Klondike Gold Rush Steamers: A History of Yukon River Steam Navigation. Sono Nis Press., at pp. 38 (Chas. H. Hamilton, John J. Healy), 49 (John C. Barr), 91-92 (Burleigh-Moran contract), 188 (John Cudahy, Will H. Isom, Portus B. Weare), 210 (Isabelle).
  12. Coutts, Robert C. (2003). Yukon Places and Names. Moose Creek Publishing.
  13. Phillips, James W. (1973). Alaska-Yukon Place Names. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95259-8.
  14. Campbell v. Moran Bros., No. 533, Complaint ¶4, testimony of F. K. Gustin, transcript of record at pp. 2, 9, 67 (9th Cir., Apr. 8, 1899).
  15. The Reaper and the Gleaner (one who gathers a crop after it is reaped) were intended to be sister ships built by or for the John Irving Navigation Co. However, soon thereafter, the Reaper was sold and renamed Zealandian.
  16. Newell (1966). H. W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest., at pp. 12 (Note 1: Capt. J. C. Barr, Capt. J. J. Healy, Portus B. Weare), 29 (Hannah, Sarah, Susie), 508 (Note 2: C. J. Rogers).
  17. Coffee, Phillip M. (2005). El Sueño de Oro: The Dream of Gold. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-4705-6., at pp. 14, 278-81, 284, 287. Note the upper case "T"s in the 1897 manuscript page reproduced at page 14: the upper case "T" in "Total" looks like a "Y." In addition, "El Sueño de Oro M.&T. Co" looks like "El Sueño de Oro M.&Y. Co." The 2005 reprint erroneously reproduces the upper case "T"s as "Y."
  18. Campbell, No. 533, Complaint ¶4, transcript of record at pp. 2, 7.
  19. Adams, Charles W. (2002). A Cheechako Goes to the Klondike. Alaska Heritage Library. ISBN 0-9708493-9-7., at page 130 ("Burrington" should be "Burrichter").
  20. Ogilvie, William. "Geography and Resources of the Yukon River." 12 The Geographical Journal, No. 1 (July 1898), at pp. 21, 30 ("means Hammer creek ... they used to erect barriers across the mouth to catch salmon by hammering sticks ...").
  21. See, 14 Dawson Daily News, No. 59 (Oct. 7, 1912), "Remarkable Work of Archbishop McDonald in Yukon" ("Some of the Indians seem to think that the origin of the name is Ttrhondik or Large Salmon river. The stone hammer used in driving the stakes which formed the sides of the salmon fish traps was called trurh, and this seems to me to be the primary origin of the name of the famous river."); Wright, Allen A. (1976). Prelude to Bonanza: The Discovery and Exploration of the Yukon. Gray's Publishing. ISBN 9780888260628., at page 286, note 70 (Ogilvie translated Trondiuck as hammer-water ... This is only one of several versions of the origin of the name ..."); Klondike: The Chicago Record's Book for Gold Seekers. Monroe Book Co. 1897. p. 437 ("Klondike, we are told, means salmon river.". Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  22. See, Ritter, John T. (1978). Han Gwichʼin Athapascan Noun Dictionary (PDF). Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks. pp. 22 (tr'ojà' [king salmon]), 66 (wèe trät tr'ödoht'orr [hammer]), 80 (-ndek [most common ending in the Dawson region meaning river]). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2021. Retrieved 2017-10-16. But, see, Bright (2007). Native American Placenames in the United States., at page 229, which reports that Mr. Ritter later opined that tʼro is a Hän form of hammer which "no longer occurs in isolation." This is certainly possible; however, idioms occur frequently in all languages. In addition, the conflicting translations of Klondike are explained by differing attempts to abbreviate the meaning of an idiom. See, 14 Dawson Daily News, No. 59 (Oct. 7, 1912), and Wright (1976). Prelude to Bonanza. ISBN 9780888260628., both cited above. Therefore, Tr'o Ndek appears more likely to be an idiom in which tʼro is a shortened form of the Hän word trʼojà' (Chinook salmon).
  23. Motherwell, John L. (2012). Gold Rush Steamboats: Francis Rattenbury's Yukon Venture. John L. Motherwell. ISBN 978-0-9868982-0-4., at pp. 56-57 (Flora, Nora, Ora), 71 (A. J. Goddard), 77 (Flora), 83 (Flora, Nora, Ora), 160-61 (S. S. Bailey), 169 (James Domville), 172 (Olive May), 259 (LaFrance, Thistle), 270 (Emma Nott), 272 (James Domville); 19 Winnipeg Tribune, No. 192 (August 24, 1908), at page 5, Col. 6 (LaFrance obituary).
  24. Wonson, George H. (1899). Map of Koyukuk River Alaska. O. P. Anderson Map & Blue Print Co. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  25. Dawson, George M. (1888). Report on an Exploration in the Yukon District, N.W.T., and Adjacent Northern Portion of British Columbia 1887 (PDF). Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. p. 155 ("river, known to the Tagish Indians as Ni-Sutlin-Hi-Ni"). Retrieved 2017-10-22. Wright (1976). Prelude to Bonanza. ISBN 9780888260628., at page 183.
  26. Sidney, Angela (1980). Place-Names of the Tagish Region, Southern Yukon. Council for Yukon Indians., Entry No. 33 (Nisaleen probably from Athapaskan). Mrs. Sidney knew both Tagish and Tlingit, but did not know the origin of the word, suggesting that it was from an Athabascan language other than Tagish. (Tlingit is not an Athabascan language.)
  27. The Southern Tutchone phrase is nàsät-lį (nàsät [strong] + [flow], "į" is nasalized). See, Tlen, Daniel (1993). Kluane Southern Tutchone Glossary. Yukon College., at pp. 72 (nàsät [strong]), 74 (nasal vowels); Davidson (1883). The Kohklux Map., at page 26 (the Athabascan suffix -lin means flowing); Tom, Gertie (1987). Èkeyi: Gyò Cho Chú (My Country: Big Salmon River). Yukon Native Language Centre., at page 16 (#32: délin [running out]).
  28. Orth, Donald J. (1967). Dictionary of Alaska Place Names. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  29. Zagoskin, Lavrenty A. (1967). Henry N. Michael (ed.). Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels in Russian America, 1842–1844: The First Ethnographic and Geographic Investigations in the Yukon and Kuskokwim Valleys of Alaska. Univ. of Toronto Press., at page 96.
  30. Kari, James (2012). Lower Tanana Athabascan Place Names. Alaska Native Language Center., at pp. 12 (B.1.a: nen’ [land], B.2.c: no’ [stream]), 21 (#6 [Tanana]), 76 (#901 [Nenana]).
  31. Metaphors are often used as place names. Thornton, Thomas F. (2012). Haa Léelk'w Hás Aaní Saax'ú: Our Grandparents' Names on the Land (PDF). Sealaska Heritage Institute. p. xvi ("Another type of semantic association is metaphor."). ISBN 978-0-295-98858-0. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  32. Edwards, Keri (2009). Dictionary of Tlingit (PDF). Sealaska Heritage Institute. pp. 16 (When possessed, alienable nouns require the possession suffix -[y]i), 47 (áa [lake]), 255 (t’ooch’' [charcoal]). ISBN 978-0-9825786-6-7. Retrieved 2015-09-14.. Tlingit had fewer adjectives than other languages. Id. at page 14 (a very small category in Tlingit). This shortage of adjectives occasionally necessitated the use of substitute lexical items, such as metaphors. Sometime after Tutshi Lake had acquired its name, the word t’ooch’ did evolve also to be a standard adjective meaning black. If t’ooch’ had been an adjective meaning black at the time that the lake acquired its name, then the name would not have needed the possession suffix (-i). The name would have been Áa t’ooch’.
  33. Thornton (2012). Haa Léelk'w Hás Aaní Saax'ú (PDF). pp. 57 (#22: Áa Tlein [big lake]), 57 (#2: T’ooch’ Áayi [black lake]), 68 (T'aakú ... is likely a contraction of the longer phrase, T’aawák Galakú ...), 76 (#121: T'aakú [flood of geese]). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  34. Ferrell, Nancy W. (2008). White Water Skippers of the North: The Barringtons. Hancock House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88839-616-7., at pp. 81, 99, 102, 107, 180, 183-85.
  35. "Dear Sir, I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties, succeed[ed] in reaching the 'Youcon', or white water River, so named by the (Gwichʼin) natives from the pale colour of its water. ..., I have the honour to Remain Your obt Servt, John Bell" Hudson's Bay Company Correspondence to George Simpson from John Bell (August 1, 1845), HBC Archives, D.5/14, fos. 212-215d, also quoted in, Coates, Kenneth S. & William R. Morrison (1988). Land of the Midnight Sun: A History of the Yukon. Hurtig Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 0-88830-331-9. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  36. In Gwichʼin, adjectives, such as choo [big] and gąįį [white], follow the nouns that they modify. Thus, white water is chųų gąįį [water white]. White water river is chųų gąįį han [water white river]. Peter, Katherine (1979). Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Trʼiłtsąįį: Gwichʼin Junior Dictionary (PDF). Univ. of Alaska. pp. ii (ą, į, ų are nasalized a, i, u), xii (adjectives follow nouns), 19 (nitsii or choo [big]), 88 (ocean = chųų choo [water big]), 105 (han [river]), 142 (chųų [water]), 144 (gąįį [white]). Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  37. Gwichʼin vowels may or may not be nasalized. A hook under a vowel, as in "ų," indicates that the vowel is nasalized. Peter (1979). Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Trʼiłtsąįį., at page ii (footnote). English, of course, has no nasalized vowels.
  38. "[The Yukon] in the language of the Kang-ulit (Yup'ik) people is Kvikhpak; in the dialect of the downriver Inkilik (Holikachuk), Yukkhana; of those upriver (Koyukon), Yuna. All these terms mean the same thing in translation–'Big River.' I have kept the local names as a clearer indication of the different tribes along the river." Lt. Zagoskin's Note 63 (1848), translated in, Zagoskin (1967). Michael (ed.). Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels., at page 295. Zagoskin did not come into contact with the Gwichʼin Indians and had no access to the information that Yukon means white water river in Gwichʼin – the language from which the word came.
  39. In Holikachuk, big river or big water would be xinmiksekh, xinchux, toomiksekh, or toochux. Kari, James; et al. (1978). Holikachuk Noun Dictionary (PDF). Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 19 (xin [river], too [water]). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2021. Retrieved 2017-10-16.; Zagoskin (1967). Michael (ed.). Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels., at page 309 (Inkilik proper [Holikachuk] tu [water], miksekh [large]); Hargus, Sharon (2008). Vowel quality and duration in Deg Xinag (PDF). Univ. of Washington. p. 29 (note 33: Holikachuk chux [big]). Retrieved 2017-10-16. Adjectives followed the nouns that they modified in Holikachuk.
  40. Thirty-nine pages of cited "Sources," representing over a century of research, did not verify Zagoskin's report that Yukon means big river. Orth (1967). Dictionary of Alaska Place Names., at pp. 6-44 ("Sources of Names"), 1069 ("The Eskimo ... descriptively called it 'Kuikpak' meaning 'big river.' The Indian name 'Yukon' probably means the same thing."). Orth does not say "probably" when discussing Kuikpak's meaning. Orth's use of "probably" is limited to the discussion of Yukon's meaning, which indicates that Zagoskin's report that Yukon means big river was never verified. In addition, Orth's "Sources" do not even include the Hudson's Bay Company correspondence, which states that Yukon means white water river in Gwichʼin. Nor do Orth's "Sources" include aboriginal dictionaries.
  41. Lt. Zagoskin reported that: "The ... Inkilit [Holikachuk] ... live along the routes of communication between the Yukon and the coast and are occupied almost exclusively with buying up furs from the natives living along the Yunnaka (Koyukuk River, a Yukon tributary)." Zagoskin also reported that: "The Inkalik [Holikachuk] ..., who are chiefly occupied in trading both with their fellow tribesmen and with the neighboring tribes of Kang-ulit (Yup'ik), have adopted the way of life of the latter ..." Zagoskin (1967). Michael (ed.). Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels., at pp. 196-97, 244. Because they had adopted the Yup'ik (Eskimo) way of life, and because they were the ones trading upriver, the Holikachuk would have been "the Esquimaux" referred to in John Bell's 1845 report: "The Esquimaux to the westwards likewise ascends the 'Youcon' and carry on a trade with the natives, as well as with the Musquash [Gwichʼin] Indians ... I have seen a large camp of the latter tribe on the Rat River on my return, who, had about a doz: of beat [hammered] Iron Kettles of Russian Manufacture which they bartered from the Esquimaux." See, Hudson's Bay Company Correspondence to Simpson from Bell (1845), HBC Archives, D.5/14, fos. 212, 213. For these reasons, the Holikachuk were in a position to conflate the meanings of the Gwichʼin and Yup'ik names, and to furnish this conflated information to the Russian-American Company.
  42. Taylor, William L., ed. (1963). Fragmentary Records of the Custom House, St. Michael, Alaska 1894–1917. Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society., at pp. 75, 275.
  43. Republicans of Illinois: A Portrait and Chronological Record of Members of the Republican Party. Lewis Publishing Co. 1905. p. 134. Retrieved 2017-10-16. Like many prominent Chicago politicians, Mr. Bradley was more infamous than famous. For seven years (1897–1904), he conspired with his superior, the Clerk of Court, to pad the office payroll with fictitious names in order to collect the corresponding salaries. Mr. Bradley left office in 1904, waited out the 18-month statute of limitations which applied to his own activities, and then turned state's evidence against his former superior. Cooke v. The People, 231 Ill. 9, 11-14, 82 N.E. 863, 864-65 (1907). During the trial, one of the jurors was offered a substantial sum of money if he would prevent a conviction. Thereafter, the judges of the court refused to investigate any irregularities in their clerk's office. Mr. Bradley passed away in San Mateo County, California. San Mateo County Coroner's Records 1865–1967 at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-01-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (Jan. 18, 2014).
  44. The Omega (1900) and the Torpedo Catcher (1899) were not the same boat. In addition to the Torpedo Catcher, the Pacific Contract Co. ordered two more steam scows to be built in 1900. Minter (1987). The White Pass., at page 335. The Omega was one of the proposed 1900 steam scows. There is no further record relating to the existence of a second 1900 steam scow.
  45. Minter, Roy (1987). The White Pass: Gateway to the Klondike. University of Alaska Press. ISBN 0-912006-26-9., at page 322.
  46. Ritter, John T. (n.d.). Mayo Indian Language Noun Dictionary. Yukon Department of Education., at pp. 13, 31 (berry), 17, 40 (man).
  47. Jacobson (1984). Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary., at pp. 269 (nuna [land]), 327 (Qerrullik [Kotlik]), 584 (-vak [big]).
  48. Kari, James (2008). Ahtna Place Names List, 2nd ed.. Alaska Native Language Center. p. 134 (#1259: Chisana River).; Bright (2004). Native American Placenames in the United States.
  49. Vaizey, Wendy (1995). A Brief History of Close Brothers. Close Bros. Group., at page 2.
  50. Taku, John, Jr. "Johnny Taku Jack" (Nov. 3, 1978 interview). Robert G. McCandless Fonds, Sound Recording 103(3), Accession No. 88/109R, Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, Yukon, at 1 minute, 18 seconds (Johnny was one of Chief Taku Jack's sons); Steele, Peter (1995). Atlin's Gold. Caitlin Press. ISBN 0-920576-47-8., at page 153 (abbreviated explanation). Té yaa .aa héeni = [rock] + yaa [along] + .aa [sitting] + héen [stream water] + -i [possession suffix]. See, Edwards (2009). Dictionary of Tlingit (PDF). pp. 16, 118, 235, 312, 328. Retrieved 2015-09-14. Note that without an adjacent verb classifier, a Tlingit verb root (e.g., .aa) will become a gerund (verbal noun). See, Id. at page 328 ( | .áa | [without classifier] = sitting [gerund]).
  51. MacBride, William D. (1991). All My Rivers Flowed West. Beringan Books. ISBN 0-9692-744-4-0., at page 58. Possibly, from aarpag. See, Jacobson (1984). Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary., at page 42.
  52. WP&YR freight between Vancouver and Skagway had been handled by Canadian Pacific Ry's. Yukon Princess from 1951 to 1955. Yukon Princess steam powered-screw propeller, British Type B standard vessel, 214 feet hull length, 1334 gross tons. Built in 1946 at North Vancouver, British Columbia by Pacific Dry Dock Co. (hull #159) for the Canadian government. Originally named Ottawa Parapet, registered in Canada (#176046), and intended for wartime use along the coast of China. Sold to Clarke S.S. Co. and renamed Island Connector in 1946. Purchased by C.P.R. and renamed Yukon Princess in 1951. Laid up in 1956. Sold to Cia. Vapores David, renamed West Princess, and registered in Liberia (#1250) in 1958. Resold to La Luz Mines Ltd. and renamed Rosita in 1959. Grounded at Cape Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua in 1963, a total loss. Sold to Southern Scrap Metals Co. in 1963. Broken up at New Orleans, Louisiana in 1964.
  53. Gray, Carl R. Jr. (1955). Railroading in Eighteen Countries: The Story of American Railroad Men Serving in the Military Railway Service from 1862 to 1953. Charles Scribner's Sons., at page 44.
  54. Pacific Challenge (IMO5425841), 173 feet hull length, built in 1952 at Arendal, Norway, by Pusnes Mekaniske Verksted A/S (hull #81) for Hvalfanger A/S-Suderøy. Originally, named Suderøy XVI steam powered-screw propeller and registered in Norway. Sold to Anders J. Jahre (d/b/a Kosmos A/S) and renamed KOS-51 in 1959. Resold to Taiyo Gyogyo K.K., renamed 事 二 十 一 利 丸 , Toshi Maru No. 21 [No. 21 Commercial Ship], and registered in Japan (#86903) in 1961. Resold to Western Whaling Co., renamed Westwhale 7, and registered in Canada (#320146) in 1963. Resold to Pacific Towing Services, Ltd. and converted to Diesel power in 1970. Purchased by Knight Towing, Ltd., reduced from 590 to 547 gross tons, and renamed Pacific Challenge in 1971. Towed Frank H. Brown and 3rd Klondike, under contract from 1979 to 1981. Sold to Pacific Bunkering, Inc. and renamed Jacqueline W in 1986. Resold to Hi-Seas Marine (Belize), Ltd. and renamed back to Pacific Challenge in 1996. Machinery removed and registry closed in 2008. Towed to Whiskey Slough, British Columbia in 2013. Derelict at Whiskey Slough as of 2023.
  55. Bennett, Gordon (1978). Yukon Transportation: A History. Parks Canada. pp. 145–46. ISBN 0-660-01671-0. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  56. Edwards (2009). Dictionary of Tlingit (PDF). pp. 192 (neech [shoreline]), 324 (yeil [calm]). Retrieved 2015-09-14.; Ellis, Patricia (2011). The Survivors: The True Stories of Four B.Y.N. Ships that Survived Fire, Flood and Decades of Gruelling Travel on Yukon's Lakes and Rivers. MacBride Museum of Yukon History. ISBN 978-0-9867649-2-9., at page 42 ("calm water"). Technically, yeil’ [calm] is a gerund which is inalienable. Thus, yeil’ [the calm] is “possessed” by the preceding noun, neech [shoreline]. Also, the Tlingit \l’\ does not sound like an English \l\. The Tlingit \l’\ tongue position is the same as in the English \l\. But, the Tlingit \l’\ sound is a puff over the side of the tongue, instead of a sound made by the vocal cords.
  57. See, Motherwell (2012). Gold Rush Steamboats., at page 62 ("At the exit from the White Horse Rapid the river turned abruptly to the right and slackened to become a quiet stream ...").
  58. Proving a negative is always difficult, but circumstantial evidence suggests that the name Neech Yeil’ did not pre-date 1900. Prior to October 1899, there had been no Whitehorse for anyone to name. Dobrowolsky, Helene; Ingram, Rob (1994). Edge of the River, Heart of the City: A History of the Whitehorse Waterfront. Lost Moose Publishing. ISBN 0-9694612-2-4., at page 8. In addition, there is no Tlingit name for Whitehorse set forth either in Sidney (1980). Place-Names of the Tagish Region, Southern Yukon.; or in McClellan, Catharine (1975). My Old People Say: An Ethnographic Survey of Southern Yukon Territory. National Museums of Canada. ISBN 978-0226564371. For these reasons, it appears that the name Neecheah [Neech Yeil’] was created in order to name the boat with a short Tlingit language description of Whitehorse.
  59. The figurative translations of idioms are sometimes longer than the literal translation.
  60. Kari, James (2013). Dena'ina Topical Dictionary. Alaska Native Language Center., at pp. 104 (idlu [objects]), 123 (#11.2.1: suffix -tnu [stream]).
  61. Midnight Sun (gas-stern wheel), Sunbeam (gas-screw), Sundog (scow), Sundog No. 2 (scow), Sunflower (gas-screw), Sunstroke (pile driver barge).
  62. Crittenden, Katharine Carson (2002). Get Mears! Frederick Mears: Builder of The Alaska Railroad. Binford & Mort. ISBN 0-8323-0550-2., at pp. 42, 84, 244-45.
  63. Year 1954 closely corresponds to the end of four significant operating eras on the Yukon River: the end of steam operation, the end of White Pass river operation, the end of Alaska Railroad river operation, and the death of the next biggest river operator, George S. Black.
  64. Sidney (1980). Place-Names of the Tagish Region, Southern Yukon., Entry No. 54.
  65. Wyman, Jasper N. (1988). Journey to the Koyukuk: The Photos of J. N. Wyman, 1898-1899. Pictorial Histories Publishing Co. ISBN 0-933126-99-9., at pp. 28, 40, 79, 99, 100.
  66. Barrett, Francis A., and Rhodri Windsor Liscombe (1983). Francis Rattenbury and British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0178-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), at page 64.
  67. The identity of Kittie M. Hensley's ex-husband is not certain. The most likely person is William A. Hensley from Iowa. Kittie is listed in the 1901 Canada Census at Dawson City, married, but not living with her husband. She is listed in the 1910 U.S. Census at Fairbanks, divorced, and with a 5-year-old daughter named Hazel K. Hensley. Hazel's father had been born in Iowa. Assuming this census information to be correct, Kittie's erstwhile husband was named Hensley and had been born in Iowa. The only Iowa-born Hensley in Kittie's area at the time was William A. Hensley, born in 1858 at Iconium, Iowa, and listed in the 1900 U.S. Census at the Fortymile District (near the Canadian border). Furthermore, according to http://www.yukongenealogy.com/ (Feb. 8, 2019, posted by the Yukon Archives), a "W. A. Hensley" from Iconium, Iowa had entered Canada at the Chilkoot Checkpoint in 1899 and resided in Dawson City. For these reasons, William A. Hensley is the most likely person to have been Kittie's former husband. It has been reported on an ancestry.com message board that Kittie's husband was a "G. Newton Hensley." However, there is no record of a "Newton Hensley" born in Iowa and/or located in Alaska or the Yukon in 1900 or 1901. William A. Hensley remains Kittie's most likely erstwhile husband.
  68. The Seattle-Yukon Transportation Co. purchased a sternwheeler named Starkey (Moran Bros. hull #7, 93 gross tons). Colton, Tim (2012). Vigor Industrial, Seattle WA. "Vigor Industrial, Seattle WA". Shipbuilding History. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2020-03-15.. However, the Starkey sank when it was launched. "Suicide in a Clubhouse." 51 The New York Times, No. 16,330 (May 9, 1902).
  69. Wyman, Jasper N. (1988). Journey to the Koyukuk: The Photos of J. N. Wyman, 1898-1899. Pictorial Histories Publishing Co. ISBN 0-933126-99-9., at pp. 8, 14.
  70. Zagoskin, Lavrenty A. (1967). Henry N. Michael (ed.). Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels in Russian America, 1842–1844: The First Ethnographic and Geographic Investigations in the Yukon and Kuskokwim Valleys of Alaska. University of Toronto Press., at pp. 145 (local name = Yunnaka), 146 (Malakhov did not know).
  71. See, Jacobson (1984). Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary., at pp. 210 (kuik [river]), 598 (suffix -yuk [thing like]).
  72. Kari (2008). Ahtna Place Names Lists, 2nd ed., at pp. 48 (#136: Tana River), 133 (#1243: Nabesna River).
  73. According to the Police Report, Mr. Curtin died from pneumonia at White Horse Rapids on March 27, 1900. He was attended by Dr. Sugden, who gave the necessary certificates. "Yukon Territory Accidents and Deaths." Canada, Parliament (1901). Report of the North-West Mounted Police, 1900. Sessional Papers. Paper No. 28a.
  74. Webb, Melody (1993). Yukon: The Last Frontier. Bison Book. ISBN 0-8032-9745-9., at page 180.
  75. 17 Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (1909) 96 ("Tunnel Boats"), 103 ("The ... Empire, built by Nixon for the Yukon River on this plan"), 105-06 ("This boat was built in 1898 in eight sections and transported to the Yukon.").
  76. See, Hunt, William R. "I Chopped Wood: George M. Pilcher on the Yukon." 63 Pacific Northwest Quarterly, No. 2 (1972), at pp. 64 (annual trip to St. Michael, "sometimes" on commercial boats; every fall had to haul his boat ashore), 65 (steam launch in 1908), 66 ("my schooner," 1903), 67 (kept his boats in repair). In addition, Pilcher owned the 2nd Herbert. Finally, the 1st Herbert appears to have been owned by a merchant and/or miner in Pilcher's vicinity.
  77. Morrow, Jay J. Report of the Alaska Railroad Commission. H. R. Doc. No. 1346, at 162 (1913), reprinted in, Serial No. 6484; Hunt. "I Chopped Wood:." 63 Pacific Northwest Quarterly, No. 2, at pp. 64-67.
  78. Whalley, William G. (2009). Yukon River Trader Gregory Kokrine and His Family, at pp. 8-9, 20.
  79. See, Sidney (1980). Place-Names of the Tagish Region, Southern Yukon., Entry No. 54 (Tagish Narrows = Taagish Tóo'e [breakup [of ice, e.g.] - water]). The prefix de- or taa- [it]; tu or tóo' [water]. Figueiredo, Renato B. (ed., 2014). Freelang Tagish Online Dictionary. Gish may have been a loanword from Tlingit. The Tlingit verb root geesh is an idiom, which figuratively means to get wet, and literally means to be like kelp. See, Story, Gillian L. & Constance M. Naish (1973). Tlingit Verb Dictionary (PDF). University of Alaska. pp. 245–46 (geesh [wet]), 314 (geesh [wet]). Retrieved 2017-10-16. Broken up spring ice does get wet. The suffix -e may be the Tagish possession suffix.
  80. "[I]t refers to the sound of the ice breaking up on the Tagish River in the spring thaw" McClellan, Catharine (1975). My Old People Say: An Ethnographic Survey of Southern Yukon Territory. National Museums of Canada. ISBN 978-0226564371., at page 582 (Note 34a).
  81. "[O]n the east bank of the river, ... the Tagish people ... reside during the winter" Dawson (1888). Report on an Exploration in the Yukon District, N.W.T., and Adjacent Northern Portion of British Columbia 1887 (PDF). p. 165. Retrieved 2017-10-22.; Wright, Allen A. (1976). Prelude to Bonanza: The Discovery and Exploration of the Yukon. Gray's Publishing. ISBN 9780888260628., at page 186. In the summers, the tribesmen would fan out in all directions. Id. Their winter home was the one location that they all had in common. It was common for smaller bands of Indians to use a local geographic feature to identify themselves. See, e.g., Thornton (2012). Haa Léelk'w Hás Aaní Saax'ú., at page xix (Col. 2).
  82. Bergsland (1994). Aleut Dictionary., at page 41 (aĝuliix); Orth (1967). Dictionary of Alaska Place Names., at page 52 (Aguligik Island, Aguliuk Point); Bright (2004). Native American Placenames in the United States., at page 24 (Aguligik Island).
  83. Middle Koyukuk River of Alaska: An Atlas of Fishing Places and Traditional Place Names (PDF). Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association. 2008. p. 32 (Alatna = There are other people [Indians] on the 'river' + tne means river in Koyukon). Retrieved 2019-02-01.

General references

Technical and ownership information of the above boats was derived from the following:

  • Adams, Charles W. (2002). A Cheechako Goes to the Klondike. Alaska Heritage Library.
  • Affleck, Edward L. (2000). A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska. Alexander Nicolls Press.
  • Alaska Railroad. S. Doc. No. 68-175 (2nd Sess., 1924), U.S. Gov't Printing Off.
  • Alaska Railroad Record, Vols. 1-4 (weekly, 1916–1920).
  • Alig, Joyce L. (2001). Old Gold Rush to Alaska Diaries of 1898-1900. Mercer County Historical Society.
  • Andrews, Clarence L. (1916). "Marine Disasters in Alaska of the Alaska Route," 7 The Washington Historical Quarterly, No. 1 (Jan. 1, 1916), at pp. 21–37.
  • Anderson, Barry C. (1983). Lifeline to the Yukon: A History of Yukon River Navigation. Superior Publishing Co.
  • Annual Report of the Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association. H. Rief. 1903.
  • Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector-General Steamboat Inspection Service. U.S. Depts. of Treasury & Commerce. 1899–1911.
  • Bayers, Lloyd H. Capt. Lloyd H. "Kinky" Bayers Collection, General Marine Files, MS 0010, Alaska State Library, Juneau, Alaska.
  • Bennett, Gordon (1978). Yukon Transportation: A History. Parks Canada. ISBN 0-660-01671-0. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
  • Blue Book of American Shipping: Marine and Naval Directory of the United States. Penton Publishing Co. 1899–1913.
  • California Digital Newspaper Collection, Center for Bibliographic Studies and Research, University of California, Riverside.
  • Colton, Tim. Shipbuilding History, at, http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com .
  • Downs, Art (1992). British Columbia-Yukon Sternwheel Days. Heritage House Publishing Co.
  • Ferrell, Nancy Warren (2008). White Water Skippers of the North: The Barringtons. Hancock House.
  • Gaudin, James R. P. Gaudin Book. COR 753: RG1: II-11, W.P.&Y.R. Company Records, Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, Yukon.
  • Haws, Duncan (1992). Merchant Fleets 23: Canadian Pacific. TCL Publications.
  • Hedrick, Basil & Susan Savage (1988). Steamboats on the Chena. Epicenter Press.
  • Jones, E. W (1904). Jones Book. COR 752: RG1, W.P.&Y.R. Company Records, Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, Yukon.
  • Kitchener, Lois D. (1954). Flag Over the North. Superior Publishing Co.
  • List of Shipping. Canadian Government., various years.
  • Lloyd's Register., various years.
  • Merchant Vessels of the United States. U.S. Depts. of Treasury & Commerce., various years.
  • Miramar Ship Index, (http://www.miramarshipindex.org.nz/, July 18, 2009).
  • Newell, Gordon, ed. (1966). The H. W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Superior Publishing Co.
  • Motherwell, John L. (2012). Gold Rush Steamboats: Francis Rattenbury's Yukon Venture. John L. Motherwell.
  • Prince, Bernadine LeMay (1964). The Alaska Railroad In Pictures 1914-1964. Ken Wray's Print Shop.
  • Progress Reports of the Alaskan Engineering Commission, 1916–1923. Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
  • Report on the Investigation of The Alaska Railroad. S. Rep. No. 71-1230 (3rd Sess., 1931), U.S. Gov't Printing Off.
  • Special Report: White Pass & Yukon Route 1901. W.P.&Y.R. Company Records. Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, Yukon.
  • Sundry Civil Appropriations Bill for 1919: Hearings before Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations, 65th Cong., 2nd Sess. 1156 (1918) (Alaskan Engineering Commission).
  • Superintendent's Annual Report of Operation of the River Division. COR 722, W.P.&Y.R. Company Records. 1902–1934. Yukon Archives, Whitehorse, Yukon.
  • Turner, Robert D. (2015). The Klondike Gold Rush Steamers: A History of Yukon River Steam Navigation. Sono Nis Press.
  • Turner, Robert D. (1984). Sternwheelers and Steam Tugs. Sono Nis Press. ISBN 9780919203150.
  • Taylor, William L., ed. (1963). Fragmentary Records of the Custom House, St. Michael, Alaska 1894-1917. Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society.
  • White Pass & Yukon Ry. Directors' Report to the 30th June. 1901–1914. University of Missouri-St. Louis Mercantile Library, St. Louis, Missouri.
  • White Pass and Yukon Route Comptroller's Special Report, for years 1902–1949 (privately held)
  • Wright, E. W., ed. (1895). Lewis and Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Lewis & Dryden Printing Co.

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