List_of_antisemitic_incidents_in_the_United_States
Since 2016, violent and widely reported incidents, and increase reports of less severe antisemitic incidents on college campuses, ignited concerns that antisemitism in the United States was reemerging after decades of apparent decline. According to scholars, the rise in incidents point to a fundamental shift in the nature and prevalence of antisemitism in United States, portending a return to an era where physical intimidation of Jews was routine and antisemitic discrimination was explicit and pervasive.[1]
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Groups such as the AMCHA Initiative and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) have shifted to cataloguing antisemitic incidents, including graffiti, harassment, vandalism, posts on social media, assaults, and threats to Jewish institutions.[1] According to the ADL, there were almost 3,700 antisemitic incidents in the United States in 2022, the highest level since the group began recording them in 1979.[2]
The following is a list of select antisemitic incidents in the United States.
- Fatal incidents
More information Date, Type ...
| Date | Type | Dead | Injured | Location | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January, 2024 | Assault | 0 | 1 | Washington D.C | Tireek Myrick, a lyft driver, assaulted Rabbi Menachem Shemtov after refusing to continue the drive. He stopped the car, followed Shemtov and then punched him in the face. A video of the assault was recorded by a witness.[3][4] |
| January 1, 2024 | Verbal and physical assault | 0 | 0 | American Dream Meadowlands | A Jewish family was verbally and physically assaulted at the American Dream Meadowlands by Marla Bonilla Hernandez and an unidentified male.[5][6] The Jewish family included two children aged 12 and 16. Hernandez had previously graduated from the Barack Obama School for Social Justice.[5][6] |
| December, 2023 | Vandalism | 0 | 0 | Baltimore, Maryland | Several incidents of vandalism across campuses occurred in the country. At the University of Maryland's campus in College Park, a chalk graffiti stating 'Holocaust 2.0' was found.[7] |
| November 5, 2023 | Physical assault | 1 | 0 | Thousand Oaks, California | Death of Paul Kessler: On November 5, 2023 Paul Kessler, an elderly Jewish man, was fatally injured in an altercation between dueling pro-Israel and pro-Palestine demonstrations in Thousand Oaks, California.[8] Kessler had at some point fallen backward and hit his head. After an investigation on November 16, suspect Loay Alnaji was taken into custody on a charge of involuntary manslaughter and battery in the death of Kessler.[9] |
| February 22–23, 2023 | Shooting | 0 | 2 | Los Angeles, California | On February 22, a man was shot in the back as he was entering his car after leaving religious services. The next day, another Jewish man was shot as he left a different synagogue, located one block away from the first incident. The suspect was arrested that evening, admitting to police he targeted the men due to their "headgear", likely Tefillin or Kippah. Both men survived.[10] |
| January 29, 2023 | Arson attempt | 0 | 0 | Bloomfield, New Jersey | At approximately 3 a.m. a masked man threw a Molotov cocktail at Temple Ner Tamid. The glass broke, but the cocktail failed to catch fire, causing only minor damage to the building.[11] |
| December 14, 2022 | Physical assault, verbal assault | 0 | 1 | New York, New York | A 63-year-old Jewish man in Central Park was ambushed from behind and pushed to the ground. The victim was taken to the hospital and suffered from a broken hand and chipped tooth.[12] |
| November 19, 2022 | Shooting attempt | 0 | 0 | Manhattan, New York | Two men were arrested while in possession of a firearm, high-capacity magazine, military knife, a bulletproof vest, and other weapons. The men were charged with making terroristic threats as a hate crime, possession of a weapon as a crime of terrorism, and other charges. They were en route to an undisclosed synagogue at the time of their arrest.[13] |
| April 20, 2022 | Assault | 0 | 1 | Manhattan, New York | Attack on Matt Greenman: Greenman, a Jewish man, was assaulted and beaten in an antisemitic hate crime in New York City while watching a pro-Palestinian demonstration organized by pro-Palestinian group Within Our Lifetime. Saadah Masoud, one of the group's founders, pled guilty to the attack on Greenman and two other Jews and was sentenced to 18 months in prison in March 2023. |
| January 15, 2022 | Hostage taking | 1 | 0 | Colleyville, Texas | Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis: Four people were taken hostage by a British Pakistani at a synagogue. After a standoff with police, the attacker was killed and all hostages escaped unharmed.[14] |
| October 31, 2021 | Arson | 0 | 0 | Austin, Texas | Austin synagogue arson: 18-year old Franklin Barrett Sechriest set fire to the main doors of the sanctuary of Congregation Beth Israel, causing more than $250,000 in damage. Sechriest admitted he conducted the attack due to his hatred of Jews and had written, "I set a synagogue on fire," in his personal journal.[15][16] |
| October 20, 2021 | Verbal assault, physical assault | 0 | 0 | Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York | A Jewish woman was walking down the street to pick her child up at the bus stop when a 30-year-old man spat on her, followed her, and said “[Expletive] Jews... Hitler should have killed you when he had the chance [Expletive].”[17] |
| October 13, 2021 | Arson | 0 | 0 | Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York | A woman yelling antisemitic obscenities poured gasoline in front of a yeshiva in Flatbush and set it on fire.[18] Weeks earlier, a woman was seen in the area carrying a gas canister and yelling antisemitic slurs.[18] Police are investigating a possible connection.[18] |
| September 20, 2021 | Verbal assault | 0 | 0 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Several congregants on the way to celebrate Sukkot at their synagogue were verbally assaulted by a 30-year-old man who threatened to kill one, saying "I'm going to kill you and your babies, you Jewish [expletive]!"[19] The man was charged with simple assault, harassment, and ethnic intimidation.[19] |
| September 9, 2021 | Verbal and physical assault | 0 | 1 | Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York | A 37-year-old man spat on and insulted with antisemitic remarks a 46-year old waiting in front of a building; he was charged with an antisemitic hate crime.[20][21] |
| July 16, 2021 | Physical assault | 0 | 1 | Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York | A visibly Jewish 41-year-old man was on his way to the synagogue at 5:45 am when two men attacked him from behind, punching him in the face repeatedly and causing a laceration. The attackers made off with some his religious paraphernalia.[22] |
| July 9, 2021 | Physical assault | 0 | 1 | Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York | A 25-year old, visibly Jewish man was walking down the street in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn when a passerby yelled “F-----g Jew! Why are you coming into my neighborhood?” and assaulted the victim with furniture that had been set out for trash collection.[23] |
| July 1, 2021 | Stabbing | 0 | 1 | Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts | Rabbi Shlomo Noginski was stabbed eight times by an attacker outside of the Shaloh House Jewish Day School; the school, which was holding a summer camp, was put into lockdown.[24][25][26] The attacker had a knife and a gun in his possession at the time of arrest.[24][26] The attacker, who had a history of making anti-Semitic statements and had been the subject of a restraining order by a Jewish former-roommate, was charged with hate crimes and civil rights violations.[27][28][29] |
| June 22, 2021 | Bomb threat, verbal assault | 0 | 0 | Woodbridge, Connecticut | At around 10:00 a.m., the Jewish Community Center of Greater New Haven received a call from an individual making antisemitic comments and a bomb threat. The building was evacuated and a search was carried out by the FBI.[30] |
| June 15, 2021 | Physical assault, verbal assault | 0 | 1 | Fairfax District, Los Angeles, California | A man punched a 12-year-old, visibly Jewish boy in the face; another man threatened to kill the child's family.[31][32] |
| June 12, 2021 | Physical assault/gang attack | 0 | 1 | Central Park West, Manhattan, New York | A group of visibly Jewish men and women walking down the street were attacked by two men who threw eggs at them; one victim, a 26-year-old woman, was hospitalized with a concussion.[33][34] |
| May 27, 2021 | Vandalism | 0 | 0 | St. Petersburg, Florida | The phrase "Jews are guilty" and a swastika were spray-painted on the Holocaust Museum in downtown St. Petersburg.[35][36][37] |
| May 24, 2021 | Physical assault | 0 | 1 | Brooklyn, New York | A 67-year-old man was punched in the face as he tried to enter a synagogue. A 20-year-old man was arrested for assault, assault as a hate crime, and aggravated harassment.[38][39] |
| May 22, 2021 | Gang attack | 0 | 2 | Brooklyn, New York | Three men, aged 19–20, tried to break into a synagogue, yelling "Free Palestine! Kill all the Jews!" Unable to enter the locked building, they left, and shortly afterward assaulted two Jewish teens, choking one, punching the other in the head, and chasing both for several blocks with cricket bats.[40][41][42][43] The three attackers were charged with multiple hate crimes.[42][44][43] |
| May 21, 2021 | Vandalism, verbal assault | 0 | 0 | Hallandale Beach, Florida | A man yelled antisemitic threats at a rabbi in front of a synagogue, then returned and dumped a bag of human feces in front of the building.[45][46] |
| May 20, 2021 | Gang attack | 0 | 1 | Diamond District, Manhattan, New York | A caravan of cars and trucks with Palestinian flags went to the Diamond District, where many Jewish-owned businesses are located, and shot off commercial fireworks at people while yelling "F--- you, Zionists", "F--- you, pigs", and other threatening and sexually explicit comments about Jews.[47][48][49] One woman was hospitalized with burns.[47][50][51] One individual has been arrested and charged with hate crimes in this and two separate anti-Semitic attacks occurring the same day.[52][53] |
| May 20, 2021 | Gang attack | 0 | 1 | Times Square, Manhattan, New York | Attack on Joseph Borgen: During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, five men attacked Joseph Borgen, a visibly Jewish man, as he walked through Times Square to a pro-Israel rally. Borgen was punched, kicked, bludgeoned with flag poles and a crutch, and maced and peppered spray, resulting in his hospitalization with a concussion.[54][55] The attackers also yelled anti-Semitic slurs.[56][55] Five pro-Palestinian activists were arrested and found guilty for the attack and received sentences of up to 7 years in prison.[57][58][59] |
| May 19, 2021 | Arson/physical attack | 1 | Borough Park,Brooklyn, New York | A Brooklyn man, aged 29, attempted to set fire to a building that housed a synagogue and a yeshiva.[60][61] Later that day, the perpetrator punched a visibly Jewish man in the head several times.[60] | |
| May 18, 2021 | Physical and verbal assault | 0 | 0 | Bal Harbour, Florida | A visibly Jewish family walking down the street was verbally assaulted by a group of four men who threw garbage at them, threatened to rape the mother of the family, and yelled other violent anti-Semitic threats and insults at them.[62][63][64][51][65] |
| May 18, 2021 | Physical assault/gang attack | 0 | 0 | Fairfax District, Los Angeles, California | A visibly Jewish man was walking to his synagogue when two cars with Palestinian flags, allegedly yelling "Allahu Akbar," chased him down, apparently trying to run him over as he sprinted toward shelter.[66] The episode was captured by CCTV.[66] |
| May 18, 2021 | Gang attack | 0 | 5 | Los Angeles, California | A group of men waving a Palestinian flag got out of a car near a sushi restaurant, yelled antisemitic obscenities, including the phrase "dirty Jew," at the patrons (not all Jewish), and then attacked diners with pepper spray, barrier poles and glass bottles.[67][68][69][70] Two alleged perpetrators have been arrested and charged with hate crimes in connection with the attack.[71][72][73][74] |
| April–May 2021 | Public school assignment | 0 | 0 | Tenafly, New Jersey | Maugham Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy: In early April 2021,[75] a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School, a public grammar school in Tenafly, New Jersey, instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as Adolf Hitler and to write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment.[76][77] After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions,[78][79][80] the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay and opened an investigation into the incident.[81][82] |
| December 7, 2020 | Vandalism | 0 | 0 | Boise, Idaho | Sometime between the evening of December 7 and the morning of December 8, 2020, nine stickers bearing the Nazi swastika and the words "We Are Everywhere" were placed throughout the Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial in Boise, Idaho. The memorial is believed to be the only one in the US dedicated to Holocaust victim Anne Frank.[83][84][85] |
| October 26, 2020 | Vandalism | 0 | 0 | Ithaca, New York | The Sunny Days storefront was painted with Celtic Crosses, and posters with antisemitic language were taped to the door.[86][87] |
| August 25, 2020 | Arson | 0 | 0 | Newark, Delaware | Late on August 25, 2020, 45 firefighters responded to a fire at the Chabad center of the University of Delaware. It was later determined to be arson.[88][89] |
| May 30, 2020 | Civil unrest | 0 | unknown | Los Angeles, California | Beginning Saturday night May 30, 2020, protesters looted and vandalized synagogues and Jewish stores in the Fairfax District of Los Angeles during protests following the police murder of George Floyd. One synagogue was spray-painted with the words "F*ck Israel" and "Free Palestine".[90][91][92] A statue of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who saved thousands of Jews in German-occupied Hungary from the Holocaust, was defaced with anti-Semitic slogans.[93] |
| April 9, 2020 | Vandalism | 0 | 0 | Huntsville, AL | On the morning after the first night of Passover, congregants at Etz Chayim woke up to find their Conservative synagogue covered in graffiti ranging from slurs to calls for the mass extermination of Jews and allusions to death camps from the Shoah. More than 18 months later, no suspect has yet been charged as of February 2, 2022.[94] |
| March 31, 2020 | Physical assault, robbery | 0 | 1 | New Haven, Connecticut | At 7:00 p.m., two men attacked a rabbi affiliated with the Alice L. Bender Chabad House at Yale University as he stepped into the building's driveway. The men threatened the rabbi with a gun, knocked him to the ground and beat him for several minutes. Before fleeing, the men robbed the rabbi and stole his vehicle. Five men were arrested for the attack.[95] |
| December 29, 2019 | Stabbing | 1 | 4 | Monsey, New York | Monsey Hanukkah stabbing: On Saturday night, December 28, 2019, the seventh night of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, Grafton E. Thomas, masked and wielding a large knife or machete, invaded the home of a Hasidic rabbi in Monsey, Rockland County, New York, where a Hanukkah party was underway, and began stabbing the guests. Five people were wounded, two of whom were hospitalized in critical condition.[96][97][98] 72-year-old-man Josef Neuman, who was in a coma for 59 days, succumbed to his wounds in March 2020.[99] Rottenberg's son was also among the injured.[100] Guests struck back, hitting the attacker with chairs and a small table.[96] |
| December 14, 2019 | Vandalism | 0 | 0 | Los Angeles, California | On Saturday, December 14, 2019, Anton Redding broke into Nessah Synagogue in Beverly Hills, burglarized it, and damaged religious books and other articles inside. He attempted to escape by fleeing to Hawaii, where he was caught by police.[101][102] On November 27, 2020, Redding was ordered to pay $166,000 in restitution and serve 220 in county jail. As part of the plea deal, prosecutors dropped hate crimes charges.[103] |
| December 10, 2019 | Shooting | 3 | 3 | Jersey City, New Jersey | 2019 Jersey City shooting: On December 10, 2019, David Nathaniel Anderson (age 47) and his girlfriend Francine Graham (age 50),[104] perpetrated a shooting at a kosher grocery store located in the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey, in the United States. Five people were killed at the store, including the two assailants and three civilians whom they attacked. Additionally, the assailants wounded one civilian and two police officers.[105][106][107] Anderson had made posts on social media that were anti-police and anti-Semitic. His language was linked to that used by the Black Hebrew Israelite movement.[108] |
| September 19, 2019 | Vandalism | 0 | 0 | Racine, Wisconsin and Hancock, Michigan | 2019 synagogue vandalism: On September 19, 2019, members of neo-Nazi accelerationist paramilitary group The Base vandalized Beth Israel Sinai Congregation in Racine, Wisconsin, and Temple Jacob in Hancock, Michigan in the US, in a campaign the group dubbed "Operation Kristallnacht". Three members of The Base were arrested and subsequently found guilty.[109][110][111] |
| July 28, 2019 | Shooting | 0 | 1 | Miami, Florida | A gunman in a Chevorlet Impala fired shots at the Young Israel of Greater Miami synagogue, spraying the building with bullets. A 68-year-old Jewish congregant sustained several bullet wounds during the attack, requiring extensive surgery. Carlints St. Louis was charged the next day with attempted murder and for perpetuating a hate crime.[112] |
| April 27, 2019 | Shooting | 1 | 3 | Poway, California | Poway synagogue shooting: a gunman fired shots with an AR-15 style rifle inside the Chabad of Poway synagogue in Poway, California,[113][114] on the last day of the Jewish Passover holiday, which fell on a Shabbat.[115] One woman was killed and three other people were injured, including the synagogue's rabbi.[116][117] In an antisemitic and racist open letter posted on 8chan shortly before the shooting and signed with Earnest's name, the author blamed Jews for the "meticulously planned genocide of the European race", a white genocide conspiracy theory.[118] |
| October 27, 2018 | Shooting | 11 | 6 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: a gunman killed eleven people and wounded six in a mass shooting at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the deadliest attack on the Jewish community in the United States.[119] Bowers had earlier posted anti-Semitic comments against HIAS (formerly, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) on the online social network Gab.[120] Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, Bowers posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[121] |
| April 13, 2014 | Shooting | 3 | 0 | Overland Park, Kansas | Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting: 73-year-old Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., a Klansman and neo-Nazi,[122] perpetrated shootings at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom, a Jewish retirement community, both located in Overland Park, Kansas. A total of three people were killed in the shootings, two of whom were shot at the community center and one shot at the retirement community.[123] |
| June 10, 2009 | Shooting | 1 | 1 | Washington, D.C. | United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting: At about 12:50 pm on June 10, 2009, 88-year-old white supremacist James Wenneker von Brunn entered the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., with a rifle and fatally shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.[124][125][126][127] |
| July 28, 2006 | Shooting | 1 | 6 | Seattle, Washington | 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting: at around 4:00 pm. Naveed Afzal Haq entered the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building in the Belltown neighborhood of Seattle, Washington and shot six women, one fatally.[128] Witnesses reported that before Haq began shooting he shouted, "I'm a Muslim American; I'm angry at Israel."[129] |
| August 6, 2003 | Stabbing | 1 | 0 | Houston, Texas | Murder of Ariel Sellouk: Mohammed Ali Alayed, who had stopped socializing with his Jewish friend Ariel Sellouk due to becoming a religiously strict Muslim, came back to Alayed's apartment after not seeing each other for a year. Alayed slit Sellouk's throat and nearly decapitated him. Alayed pled guilty and was sentenced to 60 years in prison on April 19, 2004.[130][131] |
| July 4, 2002 | Shooting | 2 | 5 | Los Angeles, California | 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting: Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian national,[132] opened fire at the airline ticket counter of El Al, Israel's national airline, at Los Angeles International Airport. Two people were killed and four others were injured before the gunman was fatally shot by an El Al security guard.[133] In September 2002, federal investigators concluded that Hadayet hoped to influence U.S. government policy in favor of the Palestinians, and that the incident was a terrorist act.[134][135][136] |
| October 8, 2000 | firebombing | 0 | 0 | Conservative Synagogue Adath Israel of Riverdale, Bronx, New York City | 2000 New York synagogue firebombing: Two Palestinians, 21-year-old Mazin Assi and 18-year-old Mohammed Alfaqih, threw Molotov cocktails at the front door of the Conservative Synagogue Adath Israel of Riverdale. The Molotov cocktails failed to ignite. |
| August 10, 1999 | Shooting | 1 | 5 | Los Angeles, California | Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting: at around 10:50 am. white supremacist Buford O. Furrow, Jr. walked into the lobby of the North Valley Jewish Community Center in Granada Hills and opened fire with a semi-automatic weapon, firing 70 shots into the complex. The gunfire wounded five people: three children, a teenage counselor, and an office worker. Shortly thereafter, Furrow murdered a mail carrier, fled the state, and finally surrendered to authorities.[137][138] |
| March 1, 1994 | Shooting | 1 | 3 | New York, New York | 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting: Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students who were traveling on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, killing one and injuring three others.[139] Baz was arrested and found to be in possession of anti-Jewish literature, a .380-caliber semiautomatic pistol, a stun gun, a bulletproof vest, and two 50-round ammunition magazines. Initially, Baz claimed a traffic dispute led him to commit the shootings, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation initially classified the case as road rage.[140] Witnesses testified that on the day of the shooting Baz had attended "a raging anti-Semitic sermon" by Imam Reda Shata at the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge.[141] |
| August 19, 1991 - August 21 | Riot | 1 | New York, New York | Crown Heights riot: a race riot that took place in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City in which black residents turned against Orthodox Jewish Chabad residents. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of Guyanese immigrants were accidentally struck by one of the cars in the motorcade of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured. In the wake of the fatal accident, some black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia.[142] | |
| April 17, 1986 | Murder | 1 | 0 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Neal Rosenblum: was shot and killed because of his Jewish appearance, wearing Haredi attire. The killer was released from prison on October 23, 2017, after serving 15 years of the maximum 20. |
| June 18, 1984 | Shooting | 1 | 0 | Denver, Colorado | Members of the white nationalist group The Order murder Jewish talk radio host Alan Berg in a shooting.[143] |
| October 8, 1977 | Shooting | 1 | 2 | St. Louis, Missouri | Guests who attended a bar mitzvah were leaving Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel synagogue when white supremacist Joseph Paul Franklin began shooting at them, killing Gerald Gordon, and wounding Steven Goldman and William Ash.[144][145][146] |
| November 11, 1957 and October 14, 1958 | Bombing | 0 | 0 | Temple Beth-El, Nashville, Tennessee. Temple Emanuel, Gastonia, North Carolina. Temple Beth-El, Miami, Florida. Jewish Community Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Jewish Community Center, Jacksonville, Florida. Temple Beth-El, Birmingham, Alabama. The Temple, Atlanta, Georgia. Temple Anshei Emeth, Peoria, Illinois. | See also: 1950s synagogue bombings
Five bombings and three attempted bombings of synagogues, seven in the Southern United States and one in the Midwest United States. There were no deaths or injuries. Some of the bombings are unsolved to this day. |
| August 17, 1915 | Lynching | 1 | 0 | Marietta, Georgia | Lynching of Leo Frank: Leo Frank was an American factory superintendent who was wrongly convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in Atlanta, Georgia.[148][150] His trial, conviction, and appeals attracted national attention. A mob lynched him on August 17, 1915, in response to the commutation of his death sentence. |
| December 17, 1862 | Order | Parts of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky | General Order No. 11 was an order issued by Union Major-General Ulysses S. Grant on December 17, 1862, during the Vicksburg Campaign, that took place during the American Civil War. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. Grant issued the order in an effort to reduce Union military corruption, and stop an illicit trade of Southern cotton, which Grant thought was being run "mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders."[151]
At Holly Springs, Mississippi, Grant's Union Army supply depot, Jewish persons were rounded up and forced to leave the city by foot. On December 20, 1862, three days after Grant's order, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn's Confederate Army raided Holly Springs, that prevented many Jewish persons from potential expulsion. Although delayed by Van Dorn's raid, Grant's order was fully implemented at Paducah, Kentucky. Thirty Jewish families were expelled and roughly treated from the city. Jewish community leaders protested, and there was an outcry by members of Congress and the press; President Abraham Lincoln countermanded the General Order on January 4, 1863. Grant claimed during his 1868 Presidential campaign that he had issued the order without prejudice against Jews as a way to address a problem that "certain Jews had caused".[152] |
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