High-profile languages

As of 2024, according to the TIOBE index^[1] of the top 100 programming languages, and PyPL,^[2] the top JVM languages are:

• Java (#4, at one point at #1; #2 at PyPL), a statically-typed object-oriented language
• Kotlin (#19, at one point at #18; #13 at PyPL), a statically-typed language from JetBrains, the developers of IntelliJ IDEA^[3] and Google's preferred language for Android
• Scala (#34, at one point at #20; #21 at PyPL), a statically-typed object-oriented and functional programming language^[4]
• Groovy (no longer in top 50, is one of 51–100; #25 at PyPL), a dynamic programming language (also with static typing) and scripting language^[3]
• Clojure (no longer in top 50, is one of 51–100, at one point at #47), a dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language^[3] (ClojureScript doesn't make TIOBE's index separately, its stats are included under Clojure, and it's an implementation targeting the web with JavaScript, not the JVM.)

Python is TIOBE's top language; Jython, its JVM implementation, doesn't make the list (of 100 languages) under that name (is syntax compatible with Python 2.7, now an outdated Python version). JavaScript (6th), PHP, R and others, also make top 20 and have JVM implementations; Ruby is ranked 18th, while JRuby, its JVM implementation is not listed separately.

JVM implementations of existing languages

New languages with JVM implementations

• Ateji PX, an extension of Java for easy parallel programming on multicore, GPU, Grid and Cloud^[22]
• Ballerina, a language for cloud applications with structural typing; network client objects, services, resource functions, and listeners; parallel concurrency with workers; image building; configuration management; and taint checking.^[23]
• BeanShell, a scripting language whose syntax is close to Java
• EPL (Event Processing Language), a domain-specific, data manipulation language for analyzing and detecting patterns in timed event streams, which extends SQL 92 with event-oriented features. It is implemented by Esper: up to version 6 EPL was mostly a language interpreted by a Java library; since version 7 it is compiled to JVM bytecode.
• Concurnas, an open source JVM language designed for building reliable, scalable, high performance concurrent, distributed and parallel systems.
• Ceylon, a Java competitor from Red Hat^[3]
• CFML, ColdFusion Markup Language, more commonly known as CFML, is a scripting language for web development that runs on the JVM, the .NET framework, and Google App Engine.^[24]
• Quark Framework (CAL), a Haskell-inspired functional language
• E-on-Java, object-oriented language for secure distributed computing
• Eta, pure, lazy, strongly typed functional language in the spirit of Haskell^[25]
• Fantom, a language built from the base to be portable across the JVM, .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR), and JavaScript^[26][3]
• Flix, a functional, imperative, and logic language with first-class Datalog constraints and a polymorphic effect system.
• Flow Java
• Fortress, a language designed by Sun as a successor to Fortran, mainly for parallel scientific computing. Product development was taken over by Oracle when Sun was purchased. Oracle then stopped development in 2012 according to Dr. Dobb's.
• Frege, a non-strict, pure functional language in the spirit of Haskell^[27]
• Golo, a simple, dynamic, weakly-typed language for the JVM developed at Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon, France, now an incubating project at the Eclipse Software Foundation.^[28][29][30]
• Gosu, an extensible type-system language compiled to Java bytecode
• Haxe, a cross-platform statically typed language that targets Java and the JVM.
• Ioke, a prototype-based language somewhat reminiscent of Io, with similarities to Ruby, Lisp, and Smalltalk
• Jelly
• Join Java, a language that extends Java with join-calculus semantics
• Joy
• Judoscript
• Mirah, a customizable language featuring type inference and a highly Ruby-inspired syntax^[31][32]
• NetLogo, a multi-agent language
• Noop, a language built with testability as a major focus
• Pizza, a superset of Java with function pointers and algebraic data types
• Pnuts
• Processing, a visualization and animation language and framework based on Java with a Java-like syntax
• Prompto, a language "designed to create business applications in the cloud". It is part of the namesake platform to design business applications directly in the cloud. The Prompto language includes three "dialects": Engly, Monty, and Objy. Engly "mimics English as much as possible", Monty "tries to follow as much as possible the syntax of the Python 3 language", and Objy "tries to follow as much as possible the syntax of OOP languages such as C++, Java or C#". All three dialects seamlessly translate to one another.^[33]
• RascalMPL, a source and target language independent (parameterized) meta language
• Whiley
• X10, a language designed by IBM, featuring constrained types and a focus on concurrency and distribution^[3]
• Xtend, an object-oriented, functional, and imperative programming language built by the Eclipse foundation, featuring tight Java interoperability, with a focus on extension methods and lambdas, and rich tooling
• Yeti, an ML style functional language^[34]
• Yirgacheffe, a language that aims to simplify and extend the object oriented paradigm.^[35]
• Yoix, general purpose, non-object-oriented, interpreted dynamic language