Hygromycin_B
Hygromycin B
Chemical compound
Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.[1]
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| Trade names | Hygromix |
| Other names | O-6-Amino-6-deoxy-L-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosylidene-(1-2-3)-O-β-D-talopyranosyl(1-5)-2-deoxy-N3-methyl-D-streptamine , HYG |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.045.935  |
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| Formula | C20H37N3O13 |
| Molar mass | 527.524 g·mol−1 |
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| Melting point | 160 to 180 °C (320 to 356 °F) (decomp.) |
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Hygromycin B was originally developed in the 1950s for use with animals and is still added into swine and chicken feed as an anthelmintic or anti-worming agent (product name: Hygromix). Hygromycin B is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, a bacterium isolated in 1953 from a soil sample. Resistance genes were discovered in the early 1980s.[2][3]
Hygromycin is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It acts by inhibiting polypeptide synthesis. It stabilizes the tRNA-ribosomal acceptor site, thereby inhibiting translation.[citation needed]
In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation.[4] Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Based on impurity monitor method,[5] four different kinds of impurities are discovered in commercial hygromycin B from different suppliers and toxicities of different impurities to the cell lines are described in the following external links.[citation needed]
Use in plant research
Hygromycin resistance gene is frequently used as a selectable marker in research on plants. In rice Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system, hygromycin is used at about 30–75 mg L−1, with an average of 50 mg L−1. The use of hygromycin at 50 mg L−1 demonstrated highly toxic to non-transformed calli. Thus, it can be efficiently used to select transformants.[6]
Fungus Coniothyrium minitans was transformed with the hygromycin B resistance gene to improve the infection rates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal parasite of many crops.[7]
- Gritz L, Davies J (November 1983). "Plasmid-encoded hygromycin B resistance: the sequence of hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene and its expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Gene. 25 (2–3): 179–188. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(83)90223-8. PMID 6319235.
- Kaster KR, Burgett SG, Rao RN, Ingolia TD (October 1983). "Analysis of a bacterial hygromycin B resistance gene by transcriptional and translational fusions and by DNA sequencing". Nucleic Acids Research. 11 (19): 6895–6911. doi:10.1093/nar/11.19.6895. PMC 326422. PMID 6314265.
- Rao RN, Allen NE, Hobbs JN, Alborn WE, Kirst HA, Paschal JW (November 1983). "Genetic and enzymatic basis of hygromycin B resistance in Escherichia coli". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 24 (5): 689–695. doi:10.1128/aac.24.5.689. PMC 185926. PMID 6318654.
- Kauffman JS (2009). "Analytical Strategies for Monitoring Residual Impurities Best methods to monitor product-related impurities throughout the production process". BioPharm International. 23: 1–3.
- Pazuki A, Asghari J, Sohani MM, Pessarakli M, Aflaki F (2014). "Effects of Some Organic Nitrogen Sources and Antibiotics on Callus Growth of Indica Rice Cultivars" (PDF). Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38 (8): 1231–1240. doi:10.1080/01904167.2014.983118. S2CID 84495391. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- Jones EE, Stewart A, Whipps JM (March 2003). "Use of Coniothyrium minitans transformed with the hygromycin B resistance gene to study survival and infection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia in soil" (PDF). Mycological Research. 107 (Pt 3): 267–276. doi:10.1017/S0953756203007457. PMID 12825495.