HATNet_Project

HATNet Project

HATNet Project

Network of automated telescopes


The Hungarian Automated Telescope Network (HATNet) project is a network of six small fully automated "HAT" telescopes. The scientific goal of the project is to detect and characterize extrasolar planets using the transit method. This network is used also to find and follow bright variable stars. The network is maintained by the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian.

The HAT acronym stands for Hungarian-made Automated Telescope, because it was developed by a small group of Hungarians who met through the Hungarian Astronomical Association. The project started in 1999 and has been fully operational since May 2001.[1]

Equipment

The prototype instrument, HAT-1 was built from a 180 mm focal length and 65 mm aperture Nikon telephoto lens and a Kodak KAF-0401E chip of 512 × 768, 9 μm pixels. The test period was from 2000 to 2001 at the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest.[1]

HAT-1 was transported from Budapest to the Steward Observatory, Kitt Peak, Arizona, USA, in January 2001. The transportation caused serious damage to the equipment.[1]

Later built telescopes use Canon 11 cm diameter f/1.8L lenses for a wide-field of 8°×8°. It is a fully automated instrument with 2K x 2K Charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors. One HAT instrument operates at the Wise Observatory.[2][3]

HAT is controlled by a single Linux PC without human supervision. Data are stored in a MySQL database.[citation needed]

HAT-South

From 2009, three other locations joined the HATNet with telescopes of completely new design. The telescopes are deployed to Australia, Namibia and Chile. Each system has eight (2*4) joint-mounted, quasi-parallel Takahashi Epsilon (180 mm diameter, f/2.8) astrographs with Apogee 4k*4k CCDs with overlapping fields of view. The processing computers are Xenomai-based industrial PCs with 10 TB of storage.

Participants in the project

HAT-1 was developed during the undergraduate (and also the first year graduate) studies of Gáspár Bakos (Eötvös Loránd University, now at Princeton University) and at Konkoly Observatory (Budapest), under the supervision of Dr. Géza Kovács. In the development József Lázár, István Papp and Pál Sári also played an important role.

More than 100 people have contributed altogether to the seventy planet discovery papers published or submitted by the project as of Feb 2020. Gáspár Bakos, István Papp, József Lázár, Pál Sári, have contributed to all of the planet discoveries by HAT. Other participants who have contributed to at least 10 discovery papers include: Joel Hartman (62 papers, Princeton), Robert Noyes (55, CfA), David Latham (44, CfA), Zoltán Csubry (43, Princeton), Kaloyan Penev (43, UT Dallas), Géza Kovács (42, Konkoly Observatory), Guillermo Torres (40, CfA), Geoffrey Marcy (38, UC Berkeley), Gilbert Esquerdo (37, CfA), Waqas Bhatti (34, Princeton), Miguel de Val-Borro (34, Goddard Space Flight Center), Lars Buchhave (33, Niels Bohr Institute), Daniel Bayliss (32, University of Warwick), Dimitar Sasselov (32, CfA), Bence Béky (31, CfA), Andrew Howard (31, Caltech), Debra Fischer (30, Yale University), George Zhou (30, CfA), Néstor Espinoza (29, STSCI), Andrés Jordán (29, Adolfo Ibáñez University), Robert Stefanik (29, CfA), Rafael Brahm (28, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), Thomas Henning (28, MPIA), Luigi Mancini (28, University of Rome Tor Vergata), Markus Rabus (28, Las Cumbres Observatory), Vincent Suc (28, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile), John Johnson (27, CfA), R. Paul Butler (20, Carnegie Institution for Science), Simona Ciceri (19, MPIA), Brian Schmidt (19, ANU), Joao Bento (17, ANU), Thiam-Guan Tan (17, Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope), Mark Everett (16, NOAO), Sam Quinn (16, CfA), Avi Shporer (16, MIT), Allyson Bieryla (14, CfA), Bun'ei Sato (14, Tokyo Institute of Technology), B.J. Fulton (12, Caltech), Howard Isaacson (12, UC Berkeley), András Pál (12, CfA), Brigitta Sipőcz (12, University of Hertfordshire), Támás Szkelenár (12), Chris Tinney (12, University of New South Wales), Duncan Wright (11, Australian Astronomical Observatory), Jeffrey Crane (10, Carnegie Institution for Science), Emilio Falco (10, CfA), Paula Sarkis (10, MPIA), and Stephen Shectman (10, Carnegie Institution for Science).

Planets discovered

One-hundred-thirty-four extrasolar planets have been discovered so far by the HAT surveys, including a handful of planets that were independently discovered by other groups as well (particularly the WASP survey). Sixty-three of these were found by the northern HATNet project, and seventy-one by the southern HATSouth project. All have been discovered using the transit method. In addition, a few additional planetary companions to the transiting planets were discovered through radial velocity follow-up observations, including HAT-P-13c, which was the first outer planetary or brown-dwarf companion confirmed with a well-characterised orbit for a system with a transiting planet [4]

Light green rows indicate that the planet orbits one of the stars in a binary star system.

North

More information Star, Constellation ...

South

More information Star, Constellation ...


See also

A subset of HATNet light curves are available at the NASA Exoplanet Archive.

Other extrasolar planet search projects

Extrasolar planet searching spacecraft


References

  1. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2002). "System Description and First Light Curves of the Hungarian Automated Telescope, an Autonomous Observatory for Variability Search". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 114 (799): 974–987. arXiv:astro-ph/0206001. Bibcode:2002PASP..114..974B. doi:10.1086/342382. S2CID 17569897.
  2. G. Bakos; et al. (March 2004). "Wide-field millimagnitude photometry with the HAT: a tool for extrasolar planet detection". The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 116 (817): 266–277. arXiv:astro-ph/0401219. Bibcode:2004PASP..116..266B. doi:10.1086/382735. S2CID 40974391.
  3. Hartman, J.D.; et al. (October 2004). "HATNET Variability Survey in the High Stellar Density "Kepler Field" with Millimagnitude Image Subtraction Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 128 (4): 1761–1783. arXiv:astro-ph/0405597. Bibcode:2004AJ....128.1761H. doi:10.1086/423920. S2CID 121952794.
  4. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2009). "HAT-P-13b,c: A Transiting Hot Jupiter with a Massive Outer Companion on an Eccentric Orbit". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (1): 446–456. arXiv:0907.3525. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707..446B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/446. S2CID 7591731.
  5. Johnson, John Asher; et al. (2008). "Measurement of the Spin-Orbit Angle of Exoplanet HAT-P-1b". The Astrophysical Journal. 686 (1): 649–657. arXiv:0806.1734. Bibcode:2008ApJ...686..649J. doi:10.1086/591078. S2CID 18270821.
  6. Torres, G.; et al. (2007). "HAT-P-3b: A Heavy-Element-rich Planet Transiting a K Dwarf Star". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 666 (2): L121–L124. arXiv:0707.4268. Bibcode:2007ApJ...666L.121T. doi:10.1086/521792. S2CID 16549542.
  7. Kovács, G.; et al. (2007). "HAT-P-4b: A Metal-rich Low-Density Transiting Hot Jupiter". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 670 (1): L41–L44. arXiv:0710.0602. Bibcode:2007ApJ...670L..41K. doi:10.1086/524058. S2CID 14966730.
  8. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2007). "HAT-P-5b: A Jupiter-like Hot Jupiter Transiting a Bright Star". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 671 (2): L173–L176. arXiv:0710.1841. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671L.173B. doi:10.1086/525022. S2CID 15514048.
  9. Noyes, R. W.; et al. (2008). "HAT-P-6b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a Bright F Star". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 673 (1): L79–L82. arXiv:0710.2894. Bibcode:2008ApJ...673L..79N. doi:10.1086/527358. S2CID 2301387.
  10. Pál, A.; et al. (2008). "HAT-P-7b: An Extremely Hot Massive Planet Transiting a Bright Star in the Kepler Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 680 (2): 1450–1456. arXiv:0803.0746. Bibcode:2008ApJ...680.1450P. doi:10.1086/588010. S2CID 5645589.
  11. Latham, David W.; et al. (2009). "Discovery of a Transiting Planet and Eight Eclipsing Binaries in HATNet Field G205". The Astrophysical Journal. 704 (2): 1107–1119. arXiv:0812.1161. Bibcode:2009ApJ...704.1107L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/1107. S2CID 18835186.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. Shporer, Avi; et al. (2009). "HAT-P-9b: A Low-Density Planet Transiting a Moderately Faint F Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 690 (2): 1393–1400. arXiv:0806.4008. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690.1393S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1393. S2CID 930937.
  13. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2009). "HAT-P-10b: A Light and Moderately Hot Jupiter Transiting A K Dwarf". The Astrophysical Journal. 696 (2): 1950–1955. arXiv:0809.4295. Bibcode:2009ApJ...696.1950B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/1950. S2CID 12146075.
  14. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2010). "HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 710 (2): 1724–1745. arXiv:0901.0282. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710.1724B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1724. S2CID 16285549.
  15. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2009). "HAT-P-12b: A Low-density sub-Saturn mass planet transiting a metal-poor K dwarf". The Astrophysical Journal. 706 (1): 785–796. arXiv:0904.4704. Bibcode:2009ApJ...706..785H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/706/1/785. S2CID 14540643.
  16. Torres, G.; et al. (2010). "HAT-P-14b: A 2.2 MJ Exoplanet Transiting a Bright F Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 715 (1): 458–467. arXiv:1003.2211. Bibcode:2010ApJ...715..458T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/715/1/458. S2CID 119184690.
  17. Kovács, G.; et al. (2010). "HAT-P-15b: A 10.9 Day Extrasolar Planet Transiting a Solar-type Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 724 (2): 866–877. arXiv:1005.5300. Bibcode:2010ApJ...724..866K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/724/2/866. S2CID 119207125.
  18. Buchhave, L. A.; et al. (2010). "HAT-P-16b: A 4 M J Planet Transiting a Bright Star on an Eccentric Orbit". The Astrophysical Journal. 720 (2): 1118–1125. arXiv:1005.2009. Bibcode:2010ApJ...720.1118B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/720/2/1118. S2CID 34104016.
  19. Howard, A. W.; et al. (2012). "HAT-P-17b,c: A Transiting, Eccentric, Hot Saturn and a Long-period, Cold Jupiter". The Astrophysical Journal. 749 (2): 134. arXiv:1008.3898. Bibcode:2012ApJ...749..134H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/134. S2CID 119309100.
  20. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-18b and HAT-P-19b: Two Low-density Saturn-mass Planets Transiting Metal-rich K Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 726 (1). 52. arXiv:1007.4850. Bibcode:2011ApJ...726...52H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/726/1/52. S2CID 10896305.
  21. Bakos, G. Á; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-20b-HAT-P-23b: Four Massive Transiting Extrasolar Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 742 (2). 116. arXiv:1008.3388. Bibcode:2011ApJ...742..116B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/116. S2CID 119182075.
  22. Kipping, D. M.; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-24b: An Inflated Hot Jupiter on a 3.36 Day Period Transiting a Hot, Metal-poor Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 725 (2): 2017–2028. arXiv:1008.3389. Bibcode:2010ApJ...725.2017K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/725/2/2017. S2CID 118519846.
  23. Quinn, S. N.; et al. (2012). "HAT-P-25b: a Hot-Jupiter Transiting a Moderately Faint G Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 745 (1). 80. arXiv:1008.3565. Bibcode:2012ApJ...745...80Q. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/80. S2CID 119291022.
  24. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-26b: A Low-density Neptune-mass Planet Transiting a K Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 728 (2). 138. arXiv:1010.1008. Bibcode:2011ApJ...728..138H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/138. S2CID 119228956.
  25. Béky, B; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-27b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a G Star on a 3 Day Orbit". The Astrophysical Journal. 734 (2). 109. arXiv:1101.3511. Bibcode:2011ApJ...734..109B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/109. S2CID 31357299.
  26. Buchhave, L. A.; et al. (2011). "Hat-P-28b and Hat-P-29b: Two Sub-Jupiter Mass Transiting Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 733 (2). 116. arXiv:1103.1813. Bibcode:2011ApJ...733..116B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/116. S2CID 119293967.
  27. Johnson, John Asher; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-30b: A Transiting Hot Jupiter on a Highly Oblique Orbit". The Astrophysical Journal. 735 (1). 24. arXiv:1103.3825. Bibcode:2011ApJ...735...24J. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/1/24. S2CID 53689766.
  28. Kipping, D. M.; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-31b,c: A Transiting, Eccentric, Hot Jupiter and a Long-period, Massive Third Body". The Astronomical Journal. 142 (3). 95. arXiv:1106.1169. Bibcode:2011AJ....142...95K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/95. S2CID 22587233.
  29. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2011). "HAT-P-32b and HAT-P-33b: Two Highly Inflated Hot Jupiters Transiting High-jitter Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 742 (1): 59. arXiv:1106.1212. Bibcode:2011ApJ...742...59H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/59. S2CID 118590713.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2012). "HAT-P-34b - HAT-P-37b: Four Transiting Planets More Massive Than Jupiter Orbiting Moderately Bright Stars". The Astronomical Journal. 144 (1): 19–32. arXiv:1201.0659. Bibcode:2012AJ....144...19B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/19. S2CID 119291677.
  31. Sato, Bun'ei; et al. (2012). "HAT-P-38b: A Saturn-Mass Planet Transiting a Late G Star". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 64 (5). 97. arXiv:1201.5075. Bibcode:2012PASJ...64...97S. doi:10.1093/pasj/64.5.97. S2CID 119186118.
  32. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2012). "HAT-P-39b - HAT-P-41b: Three Highly Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters". The Astronomical Journal. 144 (4): 139–156. arXiv:1207.3344. Bibcode:2012AJ....144..139H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/5/139. S2CID 118457589.
  33. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2014). "HAT-P-44b, HAT-P-45b, and HAT-P-46b: Three Transiting Hot Jupiters in Possible Multi-planet Systems". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (6). 128. arXiv:1308.2937. Bibcode:2014AJ....147..128H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/6/128. S2CID 119293498.
  34. Bakos, G. Á.; Hartman, J. D.; Torres, G.; Latham, D. W.; Sato, B.; Bieryla, A.; Shporer, A.; Howard, A. W.; Fulton, B. J.; Buchhave, L. A.; Penev, K.; Kovacs, G.; Kovacs, T.; Csubry, Z.; Esquerdo, G. A.; Everett, M.; Szklenar, T.; Quinn, S. N.; Beky, B.; Marcy, G. W.; Noyes, R. W.; Lazar, J.; Papp, I.; Sari, P. (2016). "HAT-P-47b and HAT-P-48b: Two Low Density Sub-Saturn-Mass Transiting Planets on the Edge of the Period--Mass Desert". arXiv:1606.04556 [astro-ph.EP].
  35. Bieryla, A.; et al. (2014). "HAT-P-49b: A 1.7 M J Planet Transiting a Bright 1.5 M ☉ F-star". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (4). 84. arXiv:1401.5460. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...84B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/84. S2CID 119265999.
  36. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2015). "HAT-P-50b, HAT-P-51b, HAT-P-52b, and HAT-P-53b: Three Transiting Hot Jupiters and a Transiting Hot Saturn From the HATNet Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (6). 168. arXiv:1503.04149. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..168H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/168. S2CID 117960362.
  37. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2015). "HAT-P-54b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting a 0.6 M⊙ Star in Field 0 of the K2 Mission". The Astronomical Journal. 149 (4). 149. arXiv:1404.4417. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..149B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/4/149. S2CID 119239193.
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  40. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2015). "HAT-P-57b: A Short-period Giant Planet Transiting a Bright Rapidly Rotating A8V Star Confirmed Via Doppler Tomography". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (6). 197. arXiv:1510.08839. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..197H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/197. S2CID 119192316.
  41. Penev, K.; et al. (2013). "HATS-1b: The First Transiting Planet Discovered by the HATSouth Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (1). 5. arXiv:1206.1524. Bibcode:2013AJ....145....5P. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/5. S2CID 118556930.
  42. Bayliss, D.; et al. (2013). "HATS-3b: An Inflated Hot Jupiter Transiting an F-type Star". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (5). 113. arXiv:1306.0624. Bibcode:2013AJ....146..113B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/5/113. S2CID 119194040.
  43. Jordán, Andrés; et al. (2014). "HATS-4b: A Dense Hot Jupiter Transiting a Super Metal-rich G star". The Astronomical Journal. 148 (2). 29. arXiv:1402.6546. Bibcode:2014AJ....148...29J. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/148/2/29. S2CID 119189535.
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  45. Hartman, J. D.; et al. (2015). "HATS-6b: A Warm Saturn Transiting an Early M Dwarf Star, and a Set of Empirical Relations for Characterizing K and M Dwarf Planet Hosts". The Astronomical Journal. 149 (5). 166. arXiv:1408.1758. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..166H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/5/166. S2CID 119286461.
  46. Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2015). "HATS-7b: A Hot Super Neptune Transiting a Quiet K Dwarf Star". The Astrophysical Journal. 813 (2). 111. arXiv:1507.01024. Bibcode:2015ApJ...813..111B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/813/2/111. S2CID 116948066.
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  53. de Val-Borro, M.; Bakos, G. Á; Brahm, R.; Hartman, J. D.; Espinoza, N.; Penev, K.; Ciceri, S.; Jordán, A.; Bhatti, W.; Csubry, Z.; Bayliss, D.; Bento, J.; Zhou, G.; Rabus, M.; Mancini, L.; Henning, T.; Schmidt, B.; Tan, T. G.; Tinney, C. G.; Wright, D. J.; Kedziora-Chudczer, L.; Bailey, J.; Suc, V.; Durkan, S.; Lázár, J.; Papp, I.; Sári, P. (December 2016). "HATS-31b through HATS-35b: Five Transiting Hot Jupiters Discovered By the HATSouth Survey". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (6): 161. arXiv:1607.00006. Bibcode:2016AJ....152..161D. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/161. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119283473.
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