Early career

In 1890, Palmer established the firm of Wood and Palmer, Architects in New York City with George Edward Wood, another graduate of Columbia University and a native New Yorker.^[6][2] Henry F. Hornbostel worked for Wood and Palmer after graduating from Columbia University in 1891.^{[10][11]: 30} However, he left to attend the École des Beaux-Arts in France after two years.^{[10][11]: 30}

In 1897, Hornbostel returned from France and joined the firm that became Wood, Palmer and Hornbostel.^{[2][11]: 26} In this early phase of their career, the firm designed several mansions in New York City.^[6][12]

In 1898, Palmer and Hornbostel designed a Beaux Arts and French Renaissance revival style house for the Columbia chapter of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).^[6] Today, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building.^[13] It is also an architecturally significant building in the Broadway-Riverside Drive Historic District.^[6]

Palmer & Hornbostel

Around 1900, Wood left the practice and the firm changed its name to Palmer & Hornbostel, Architects.^[2][4] They operated at both 63 William Street, New York City and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, c. 1899 through 1909.^[2][4] In 1901, Palmer & Hornbostel designed new buildings for the Steinway & Sons factory.^[14]

In 1904, Palmer won a competition held by the Committee of Carnegie Technical Schools (later Carnegie Mellon University) to design its campus.^[15][4] The project covered an area of 35 acres (14 ha) had a budget of $5,000,000 ($162,851,852 in 2022), with the architects commission being 5%.^[15][8] Warren P. Laird, head of architecture at the University of Pennsylvania and advisory architect to the committee, said:

The buildings are treated with a simple yet effective use of brick and terra cotta. They are so designed and massed as to be beautiful, while expressing, each in its own way, the purpose for which it is intended. The architect has been very successful in securing to the highest degree practical efficiency in his plans without sacrifice of that character which is usually called the artistic.^[8]

Although Hornbostel is frequently credited with all of the work on the Carnegie Technical School, reports in the newspaper indicate that Palmer was on site working on the campus layout and was also the one meeting with the school's committee.^[16][17] Because of the hilly nature of the proposed campus, Palmer said:

It was not the exterior of the buildings that we found the hard task, but in the arranging of the area for the various buildings, so as to obtain the best results. We have mapped out the general ground plan for the buildings, according to the floor area required.^[17]

In New York City, they worked on the Flatbush Unitarian Church (1903), the Brooklyn Bridge Terminal Station (before 1904), the Williamsburg Bridge (1905), and the Queensboro Bridge (1906).^[3][18][19] They designed the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum in Pittsburgh in 1906.^[12][3] In 1907, Palmer & Hornbostel also designed a stadium for Columbia University; however, the stadium was never built because of funding problems.^[6]

In 1907, Palmer & Hornbostel designed the New York State Education Building in Albany, gaining the contract by winning another design competition.^[6][3] Based on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the education building features 60 feet (18 m) tall steel columns covered in marble with terra cotta Corinthian capitals.^[20][3] Palmer & Hornbostel used steel for fire safety and to enable its size and height.^[20] The New York Times said, "Imagine a Greek temple with electric elevators".^[20]

Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones

Between 1908 and 1919, Palmer and Hornbostel joined with the architect Sullivan W. Jones to form Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones, Architects.^[2] This firm operated in Albany, New York; Atlanta, Georgia; New York City; and Oakland, California and specialized in university and governmental buildings.^[2] An alumnus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jones had been the chief draftsman of Palmer & Hornbostel when they worked on the Carnegie Technical School project.^[16][21]

In 1909, the firm was hired to design the campus of the University of Pittsburgh.^[22] However, only five buildings of their "Acropolis Plan" were built before the university ran out of funding.^[22][23]

The firm designed the Oakland City Hall for Oakland, California (1914), Hartford City Hall for Hartford, Connecticut (1915), City Hall and Courthouse for Wilmington, Delaware (1917), and Pittsburgh City-County Building (1917).^{[2][6][24][25]} The latter was designed in collaboration with the architect Edward Brown Lee who was employed by the firm.^[2][12] They received a contract for the Oakland City Hall through a national design contest and decorated the granite building with terra cotta representations of California's crops.^[5] When it was built, it was the first high-rise government office building in the United States.^[26] The Beaux Arts style Oakland City Hall is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.^[5]

They also laid out the campus and designed buildings for Emory University in Atlanta from 1914 to 1919, as well as dormitory and fraternity houses for Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois from 1915 to 1918.^[2][27][28] With the outbreak of World War I, Jones left to become the supervising architect for the Naval Operating Base in Norfolk, Virginia.^[21] After the war, Jones became state architect for New York and did not return to their practice.^[21] In 1918, the fifty-year-old Hornbostel headed to France to serve as a major in the Army's gas defense department.^[29]

Return of Palmer & Hornbostel

When Jones left the firm, its name reverted to Palmer & Hornbostel.^[2] This name stayed in place from around 1918 to 1922.^[2] Hornbostel initially retained a home in New York but moved to Pittsburgh around 1921 because of frequent projects in that city.^[6]

Between 1918 and 1921, Palmer & Hornbostel were consultants to the Concrete Steel Engineering Company for the design of High Level Bridge in Fairmont, West Virginia.^[30] This project was dubbed the "million dollar bridge" when it exceeded pre-bid estimates of $400,000 ($8,102,655 in today's money).^[30] The bridge is 1,320 feet (400 m) long and has three reinforced concrete arches and light fixtures with mouth-blown glass shades.^[30][31] The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Robert H. Mollohan-Jefferson Street Bridge.^[31]

Palmer and Plonsky

Starting in 1923, Palmer was a partner in the firm Palmer and Plonsky, Architects in Manhattan, New York City with architect Samuel E. Plonsky.^[2][32] Plonsky had been an unnamed partner in both Palmer, Hornbostel and Jones and Palmer & Hornbostel, working there by the mid-1910s.^[2] A modern architectural historian notes, "At a time when white Anglo-Saxon Protestant men controlled virtually all of the premier architectural firms in New York, it is likely that Plonsky long remained an uncredited partner because he was a Jew of Russian-Polish heritage."^[2]

One of Palmer and Plonsky's projects was a three-story nurses' home for the Morristown Memorial Hospital in Morristown, New Jersey in 1922.^[32] They also designed a seven-story garage for C. G. Taylor & Co. for the Columbus Circle District in New York City.^[33]

Palmer remained with this firm until his death.^[1]