Fulbright–Hays_Act_of_1961
Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
U.S. law establishing the Fulbright Program, seeking to improve foreign relations and cultural ties
The Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 is officially known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 87–256, 75 Stat. 527). It was marshalled by United States Senator J. William Fulbright (D-AR) and passed by the 87th United States Congress on September 16, 1961, the same month the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Peace Corps Act of 1961 were enacted.
Quick Facts Long title, Acronyms (colloquial) ...
| Long title | An Act to provide for the improvement and strengthening of the international relations of the United States by promoting better mutual understanding among the peoples of the world through educational and cultural exchanges. |
|---|---|
| Acronyms (colloquial) | MECEA |
| Nicknames | Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 |
| Enacted by | the 87th United States Congress |
| Effective | September 21, 1961 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 87–256 |
| Statutes at Large | 75 Stat. 527 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse |
| U.S.C. sections amended | 22 U.S.C. ch. 33 § 2451 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
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The legislation was enacted into law by the president John F. Kennedy on September 21, 1961.[2]
As the preamble of the Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 states:
The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.[3]
More information Date of Enactment, Public Law No. ...
| Date of Enactment | Public Law No. | U.S. Statute | U.S. Bill No. | U.S. Presidential Administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 29, 1966 | P.L. 89-698 | 80 Stat. 1066 | H.R. 14643 | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| November 5, 1966 | P.L. 89-766 | 80 Stat. 1314 | S. 1760 | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| July 13, 1972 | P.L. 92-352 | 86 Stat. 489 | H.R. 14734 | Richard Nixon |
| October 26, 1974 | P.L. 93-475 | 88 Stat. 1439 | S. 3473 | Gerald Ford |
| July 12, 1976 | P.L. 94-350 | 90 Stat. 823 | S. 3168 | Gerald Ford |
| August 17, 1977 | P.L. 95-105 | 91 Stat. 844 | H.R. 6689 | Jimmy Carter |
| August 15, 1979 | P.L. 96-60 | 93 Stat. 395 | H.R. 3363 | Jimmy Carter |
| August 16, 1985 | P.L. 99-93 | 99 Stat. 405 | H.R. 2068 | Ronald Reagan |
| December 22, 1987 | P.L. 100-204 | 101 Stat. 1331 | H.R. 1777 | Ronald Reagan |
| February 16, 1990 | P.L. 101-246 | 104 Stat. 15 | H.R. 3792 | George H. W. Bush |
| October 28, 1991 | P.L. 102-138 | 105 Stat. 647 | H.R. 1415 | George H. W. Bush |
| April 30, 1994 | P.L. 103-236 | 108 Stat. 382 | H.R. 2333 | William J. Clinton |
| October 21, 1998 | P.L. 105-277 | 112 Stat. 2681 | H.R. 4328 | William J. Clinton |
| November 28, 2001 | P.L. 107-77 | 115 Stat. 748 | H.R. 2500 | George W. Bush |
| September 30, 2002 | P.L. 107-228 | 116 Stat. 1350 | H.R. 1646 | George W. Bush |
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- Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
- U.S. Cultural Exchange Programs
- Fulbright Program
- United States Information Agency
- Student & Exchange Visitor Program
- World Festival of Youth and Students
- Fulbright Act of 1946
- U.S. Educational Exchange Act, 1948
- Lacy-Zarubin Agreement of 1958
- National Defense Education Act, 1958
- FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993
- "Bill signing - H.R. 8666 Public Law 87-256, Fulbright-Hays Act, 5:15PM". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. September 21, 1961.
- Kennedy, John J. (September 21, 1961). "Remarks Upon Signing the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act - September 21, 1961". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 614.
- "Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2008.
Cross-Cultural Educational Exchange
- Allen, Edward D. (December 1957). "Why Not Student Exchanges at the High School Level?". The French Review. 31 (2). American Association of Teachers of French: 136–140. JSTOR 383541.
- Bu, Liping (December 1999). "Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War". Journal of American Studies. 33 (3). Cambridge University Press: 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006167. S2CID 145246782.
- Füssl, Karl-Heinz (2004). "Between Elitism and Educational Reform - German-American Exchange Programs, 1945-1970". The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–416. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139052436.048. ISBN 978-0-521-79112-0.
- Snow, Nancy (March 2008). "International Exchanges and the U.S. Image". American Academy of Political and Social Science. 616 (1). SAGE Publications: 198–222. doi:10.1177/0002716207311864. S2CID 145784272.
- Risso, L. (February 2010). "The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989". The English Historical Review. 125 (512). Oxford University Press: 246–248. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep373.
- Lebovic, Sam (April 2013). "From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950". Diplomatic History. 37 (2). Oxford University Press: 280–312. doi:10.1093/dh/dht002. JSTOR 44254519.
- Scribner, Campbell F. (November 2017). "American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics". History of Education Quarterly. 57 (4). History of Education Society: 542–569. doi:10.1017/heq.2017.31. S2CID 148615524.
Resources of U.S. Federal Organizations
- "Title 22: Chapter 33 ~ Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Program" (PDF). Office of Post-Secondary Education ~ Fulbright-Hays Programs. U.S. Department of Education.
- "The United States at the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition 1958" [A Report to the President of the Unlted States from the United States Commissioner General Howard S. Cullman] (PDF). U.S. Department of State. May 30, 1959. OCLC 39661089 – via Expo 58.
- U.S. Department of State (August 14, 1967). "ERIC ED019025: Annual Report to the Congress on the International Educational and Cultural Exchange Program ~ Fiscal Year 1966". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.
- Rosen, Seymour M. (January 1971). "ERIC ED058121: Soviet Programs in International Education". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.
- U.S. Department of State (December 1971). "ERIC ED120071: A Quarter Century: The American Adventure in Academic Exchange" [A Report of the Board of Foreign Scholarships]. Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.
- Byers, Philip P. (June 1972). "ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.
- "U.S. Government Exchange Programs Are Not Being Coordinated in Japan and India" [GAO/ID-81-41 Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 30, 1981.
- National Institute of Education (November 15, 1983). "ERIC ED246761: International Education, Foreign Exchange and Scholarships" [Hearing before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor ~ House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session]. Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Education – via Education Resources Information Center.
- "Exchange Programs: Observations on International Educational, Cultural, and Training Exchange Programs" [GAO/T-NSIAD-93-7 Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 23, 1993.
- "Exchange Programs: Inventory of International Educational, Cultural, and Training Programs" [GAO/NSIAD-93-157BR Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 23, 1993.
Narrations of John F. Kennedy regarding Governance of U.S. Educational Exchange Programs
American Educational Exchange, Foreign Students, and U.S. President John F. Kennedy
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Loyola College Annual Alumni Banquet, Baltimore, Maryland, 18 February 1958". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Senate Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 18, 1958.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Briefing Papers: Educational Exchange" [Briefing Papers: Education, Salaries (Education), School Construction, Educational Exchange, Federal Highways, Food for Peace, Forests]. Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Presidential Campaign Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. September 2, 1960. pp. 19–21.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: re: Exchange of Persons Behind the Iron Curtain". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 8, 1961.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Meeting with the Board of Foreign Scholarships and US Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, 2:50PM". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 27, 1961.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks on Fulbright Exchange Program Anniversary, 1 August 1961". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 1, 1961.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Ceremony Marking the 15th Anniversary of the Fulbright Act, 4:10PM". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 1, 1961.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: Selection of Polish Exchange Students". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 20, 1961.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Smith College Foreign Exchange Students Tour White House". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. March 28, 1962.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Staff Memoranda: Klein, David, June 1962" [Report on Eastern European Exchange Programs including Agriculture, Arts, Sciences]. Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. June 15, 1962. pp. 14–31.
- Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "John F. Kennedy: "Executive Order 11034 - Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961," June 25, 1962". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Scholars, 23 April 1963". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. April 23, 1963.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Visit of a Group of Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 9:45AM". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 23, 1963.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 23 August 1963". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 23, 1963.
- "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Group from Second U.S.-Japan Conference on Education and Cultural Exchange, 18 October 1963". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. October 18, 1963 – via U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange.
- "History of the United States-Japan Alliance". United States-Japan Relations ~ U.S.-Japan Alliance. United States Embassy Japan. November 2011 – via Public Affairs Section ~ American View Magazine.
- "Brussels World's Fair, 1958/03/17". Internet Archive. Universal Studios. March 17, 1958.
- Fulbright Program at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 June 2008)
- "Fulbright Program: 40 And Still 'Pretentious'". The New York Times. June 26, 1986.
- "United States Exchange Programs". Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. U.S. Department of State.
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