Prostigmata are usually 0.1–2 mm long, though some giant red velvet mites can reach 16 mm. They have a range of different body forms and colours.[2] As mites, most of them have eight legs (six in their larval stage). However, the Eriophyoidea instead have four legs, all positioned at the front of a long, worm-like body.[3] The name "Prostigmata" comes from mites of this group having spiracles (stigmata) on the prodorsum, usually between the chelicerae or on its lateral margins.[4]
Many prostigmatans live in soil. These occur in soils as varied as agricultural fields, burned prairies, tidal marshlands, drained lake beds with algal blooms, and Antarctic soils.[5]
Other prostigmatans are aquatic. The group includes Hydrachnidia, commonly known as the water mites. Hydrachnidia live in many kinds of freshwater habitats, including lentic (e.g. lakes, ponds), lotic (e.g. rivers, streams), springs and interstitial waters.[6] Also in the Prostigmata are family Halacaridae, which are mostly marine.[7]
Other habitats of Prostigmata include caves, algae, mosses, lichens, shrubs and trees.[2]
The Prostigmata make up the bulk of the acariform clade Trombidiformes, which also contains the minor and quite ancient lineage Sphaerolichida. The trombidiform mites are possibly the most promising approach to untangle the systematics, taxonomy and phylogeny of the notoriously complex Acariformes. Trombidiformes and the other acariform clade, Sarcoptiformes, were formerly considered suborders but this does not allow for a sufficiently precise classification of the mites and is adjusted in more modern treatments.[8]
They contain a few of the little-known "Endeostigmata" – apparently an assemblage of several specialized but unrelated lineages – which for the most part appear to be Sarcoptiformes however.[8] In addition, the Trombidiformes include the bulk of the presumed group of mites called "Actinedida". This taxon is still commonly encountered in systematic treatments. However, modern cladistic studies time and again fail to find any monophyletic group corresponding to the "Actinedida". Thus, they appear to be an evolutionary grade rather than an evolutionary lineage, united not by their apomorphies but by the lack of such characters that have evolved after the Acariformes separated from the Parasitiformes. Thus, the "Actinedida" seem to be a massively paraphyletic "wastebin taxon", uniting all Acariformes that are not "typical" Oribatida and Astigmata.[8][9]
The Prostigmata present their own taxonomic and systematic problems even in the redefined monophyletic delimitation. They are variously subdivided into the Anystina and Eleutherengona, and Eupodina. The delimitation and interrelationships of these groups are entirely unclear; while most analyses find one of the latter two but not the other to be a subgroup of the Anystina, neither of these mutually contradicting hypotheses is very robust; possibly this is a simple error because phylogenetic software usually fails in handling non-dichotomous phylogenies. Consequently it may be best for the time being to consider each of the three main prostigmatan lineages to be equally distinct from the other two, not including either Eleutherengona or Eupodina in the Anystina in accord with the traditional view – the suborder Anystina are here considered the largest possible clade containing the Anystidae but no taxon assigned to the other two suborders.[9]
Currently accepted taxonomy
As of May 2022[update], Catalogue of Life and Integrated Taxonomic Information System accept the following taxonomy for Prostigmata, including four infraorders:[10][11]
Anystina
- Superfamily Adamystoidea
- Superfamily Allotanaupodoidea
- Superfamily Amphotrombioidea
- Superfamily Anystoidea
- Superfamily Arrenuroidea
- Superfamily Caeculoidea
- Superfamily Calyptostomatoidea
- Superfamily Chyzerioidea
- Superfamily Erythraeoidea
- Superfamily Eylaoidea
- Superfamily Hydrachnoidea
- Superfamily Hydrovolzioidea
- Superfamily Hydryphantoidea
- Superfamily Hygrobatoidea
- Superfamily Lebertioidea
- Superfamily Paratydeoidea
- Superfamily Pomerantzioidea
- Superfamily Stygothrombioidea
- Superfamily Tanaupodoidea
- Superfamily Trombiculoidea
- Superfamily Trombidioidea
- Superfamily Yurebilloidea
Eleutherengona
(Also known as Eleutherengonides)
- Superfamily Cheyletoidea
- Superfamily Cloacaroidea
- Superfamily Dolichocyboidea
- Superfamily Heterocheyloidea
- Superfamily Myobioidea
- Superfamily Pterygosomatoidea
- Superfamily Pyemotoidea
- Superfamily Raphignathoidea
- Superfamily Scutacaroidea
- Superfamily Tarsocheyloidea
- Superfamily Tarsonemoidea
- Superfamily Tetranychoidea
- Superfamily Trochometridioidea
Coleman, David C.; Crossley, D.A.; Hendrix, Paul F. (2004), "Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms—The Soil Fauna", Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 79–185, doi:10.1016/b978-012179726-3/50005-8, ISBN 978-0-12-179726-3, retrieved 2023-01-16