Electron_affinity_(data_page)

Electron affinity (data page)

Chemical data page

This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not listed here.

Elements

Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion. The latter can be regarded as the ionization energy of the –1 ion or the zeroth ionization energy.^[1] Either convention can be used.^[2]

Negative electron affinities can be used in those cases where electron capture requires energy, i.e. when capture can occur only if the impinging electron has a kinetic energy large enough to excite a resonance of the atom-plus-electron system. Conversely electron removal from the anion formed in this way releases energy, which is carried out by the freed electron as kinetic energy. Negative ions formed in these cases are always unstable. They may have lifetimes of the order of microseconds to milliseconds, and invariably autodetach after some time.

More information Z, Element ...

Bibliography

Janousek, Bruce K.; Brauman, John I. (1979), "Electron affinities", in Bowers, M. T. (ed.), Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, vol. 2, New York: Academic Press, p. 53.
Rienstra-Kiracofe, J.C.; Tschumper, G.S.; Schaefer, H.F.; Nandi, S.; Ellison, G.B. (2002), "Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations", Chem. Rev., vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 231–282, doi:10.1021/cr990044u, PMID 11782134.
Updated values can be found in the NIST chemistry webbook for around three dozen elements and close to 400 compounds.

Specific molecules

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Z	Element	Name	Electron affinity (eV)	Electron affinity (kJ/mol)	References
1	¹H	Hydrogen	0.754 195(19)	72.769(2)	^[3]
1	²H	Deuterium	0.754 67(4)	72.814(4)	^[4]
2	He	Helium	−0.5(2)	−48(20)	estimated (est.)^[5]
3	Li	Lithium	0.618 049(22)	59.632 6(21)	^[6]
4	Be	Beryllium	−0.5(2)	−48(20)	est.^[5]
5	B	Boron	0.279 723(25)	26.989(3)	^[7]
6	¹²C	Carbon	1.262 122 6(11)	121.776 3(1)	^[8]
6	¹³C	Carbon	1.262 113 6(12)	121.775 5(2)	^[8]
7	N	Nitrogen	−0.07	−6.8	^[5]
8	¹⁶O	Oxygen	1.461 112 97(9)	140.975 970(9)	^[9]
8	¹⁷O	Oxygen	1.461 108(4)	140.975 5(3)	^[10]
8	¹⁸O	Oxygen	1.461 105(3)	140.975 2(3)	^[10]
9	F	Fluorine	3.401 189 8(24)	328.164 9(3)	^[11]^[12]
10	Ne	Neon	−1.2(2)	−116(19)	est.^[5]
11	Na	Sodium	0.547 926(25)	52.867(3)	^[13]
12	Mg	Magnesium	−0.4(2)	−40(19)	est.^[5]
13	Al	Aluminium	0.432 83(5)	41.762(5)	^[14]
14	Si	Silicon	1.389 521 2(8)	134.068 4(1)	^[15]
15	P	Phosphorus	0.746 609(11)	72.037(1)	^[16]
16	³²S	Sulfur	2.077 104 2(6)	200.410 1(1)	^[15]
16	³⁴S	Sulfur	2.077 104 5(12)	200.410 1(2)	^[17]
17	Cl	Chlorine	3.612 725(28)	348.575(3)	^[18]
18	Ar	Argon	−1.0(2)	−96(20)	est.^[5]
19	K	Potassium	0.501 459(13)	48.383(2)	^[19]
20	Ca	Calcium	0.024 55(10)	2.37(1)	^[20]
21	Sc	Scandium	0.179 380(23)	17.307 6(22)	^[21]
22	Ti	Titanium	0.075 54(5)	7.289(5)	^[22]
23	V	Vanadium	0.527 66(20)	50.911(20)	^[23]
24	Cr	Chromium	0.675 928(27)	65.217 2(26)	^[21]
25	Mn	Manganese	−0.5(2)	−50(19)	est.^[5]
26	Fe	Iron	0.153 236(35)	14.785(4)	^[24]
27	Co	Cobalt	0.662 255(47)	63.897 9(45)	^[25]
28	Ni	Nickel	1.157 16(12)	111.65(2)	^[26]
29	Cu	Copper	1.235 78(4)	119.235(4)	^[27]
30	Zn	Zinc	−0.6(2)	−58(20)	est.^[5]
31	Ga	Gallium	0.301 166(15)	29.058 1(15)	^[28]
32	Ge	Germanium	1.232 676 4(13)	118.935 2(2)	^[29]
33	As	Arsenic	0.804 8(2)	77.65(2)	^[30]
34	Se	Selenium	2.020 604 7(12)	194.958 7(2)	^[31]
35	Br	Bromine	3.363 588(3)	324.536 9(3)	^[11]
36	Kr	Krypton	−1.0(2)	−96(20)	est.^[5]
37	Rb	Rubidium	0.485 916(21)	46.884(3)	^[32]
38	Sr	Strontium	0.052 06(6)	5.023(6)	^[33]
39	Y	Yttrium	0.311 29(22)	30.035(21)	^[21]
40	Zr	Zirconium	0.433 28(9)	41.806(9)	^[34]
41	Nb	Niobium	0.917 40(7)	88.516(7)	^[35]
42	Mo	Molybdenum	0.747 23(8)	72.097(8)	^[21]
43	Tc	Technetium	0.55(20)	53(20)	est.^[36]
44	Ru	Ruthenium	1.046 27(2)	100.950(3)	^[21]
45	Rh	Rhodium	1.142 89(20)	110.27(2)	^[26]
46	Pd	Palladium	0.562 14(12)	54.24(2)	^[26]
47	Ag	Silver	1.304 47(3)	125.862(3)	^[27]
48	Cd	Cadmium	−0.7(2)	−68(20)	est.^[5]
49	In	Indium	0.383 92(6)	37.043(6)	^[37]
50	Sn	Tin	1.112 070(2)	107.298 4(3)	^[38]
51	Sb	Antimony	1.047 401(19)	101.059(2)	^[39]
52	Te	Tellurium	1.970 875(7)	190.161(1)	^[40]
53	¹²⁷I	Iodine	3.059 046 5(37)	295.153 1(4)	^[41]
53	¹²⁸I	Iodine	3.059 052(38)	295.154(4)	^[42]
54	Xe	Xenon	−0.8(2)	−77(20)	est.^[5]
55	Cs	Caesium	0.4715983(38)	45.5023(4)	^[43]
56	Ba	Barium	0.144 62(6)	13.954(6)	^[44]
57	La	Lanthanum	0.557 546(20)	53.795(2)	^[45]
58	Ce	Cerium	0.600 160(27)	57.906 7(26)	^[46]
59	Pr	Praseodymium	0.109 23(46)	10.539(45)	^[47]
60	Nd	Neodymium	0.097 49(33)	9.406(32)	^[47]
61	Pm	Promethium	0.129	12.45	^[48]
62	Sm	Samarium	0.162	15.63	^[48]
63	Eu	Europium	0.116(13)	11.2(13)	^[49]
64	Gd	Gadolinium	0.212(30)	20.5(29)	^[21]
65	Tb	Terbium	0.131 31(80)	12.670(77)	^[47]
66	Dy	Dysprosium	0.015(3)	1.45(30)	^[50]
67	Ho	Holmium	0.338	32.61	^[48]
68	Er	Erbium	0.312	30.10	^[48]
69	Tm	Thulium	1.029(22)	99(3)	^[51]
70	Yb	Ytterbium	−0.02	−1.93	est.^[36]
71	Lu	Lutetium	0.238 8(7)	23.04(7)	^[52]
72	Hf	Hafnium	0.178 0(7)	17.18(7)	^[53]
73	Ta	Tantalum	0.328 859(23)	31.730 1(22)	^[21]
74	W	Tungsten	0.816 26(8)	78.76(1)	^[54]
75	Re	Rhenium	0.060 396(64)	5.827 3(62)	^[55]
76	Os	Osmium	1.077 661(24)	103.978 5(24)	^[21]
77	Ir	Iridium	1.564 057(12)	150.908 6(12)	^[56]
78	Pt	Platinum	2.125 10(5)	205.041(5)	^[57]
79	Au	Gold	2.308 610(25)	222.747(3)	^[58]
80	Hg	Mercury	−0.5(2)	−48(20)	est.^[5]
81	Tl	Thallium	0.320 053(19)	30.880 4(19)	^[59]
82	Pb	Lead	0.356 721(2)	34.418 3(3)	^[60]
83	Bi	Bismuth	0.942 362(13)	90.924(2)	^[61]
84	Po	Polonium	1.40(7)	136(7)	calc.^[62]
85	At	Astatine	2.415 78(7)	233.087(8)	^[63]
86	Rn	Radon	−0.7(2)	−68(20)	est.^[5]
87	Fr	Francium	0.486	46.89	est.^[64]^[36]
88	Ra	Radium	0.10	9.648 5	est.^[65]^[36]
89	Ac	Actinium	0.35	33.77	est.^[36]
90	Th	Thorium	0.607 69(6)	58.633(6)	^[66]
91	Pa	Protactinium	0.55	53.03	est.^[67]
92	U	Uranium	0.314 97(9)	30.390(9)	^[68]
93	Np	Neptunium	0.48	45.85	est.^[67]
94	Pu	Plutonium	−0.50	−48.33	est.^[67]
95	Am	Americium	0.10	9.93	est.^[67]
96	Cm	Curium	0.28	27.17	est.^[67]
97	Bk	Berkelium	−1.72	−165.24	est.^[67]
98	Cf	Californium	−1.01	−97.31	est.^[67]
99	Es	Einsteinium	−0.30	−28.60	est.^[67]
100	Fm	Fermium	0.35	33.96	est.^[67]
101	Md	Mendelevium	0.98	93.91	est.^[67]
102	No	Nobelium	−2.33	−223.22	est.^[67]
103	Lr	Lawrencium	−0.31	−30.04	est.^[67]
111	Rg	Roentgenium	1.565	151.0	calc.^[69]
113	Nh	Nihonium	0.69	66.6	calc.^[70]
115	Mc	Moscovium	0.366	35.3	calc.^[70]
116	Lv	Livermorium	0.776	74.9	calc.^[70]
117	Ts	Tennessine	1.719	165.9	calc.^[70]
118	Og	Oganesson	0.080(6)	7.72(58)	calc.^[71]
119	Uue	Ununennium	0.662	63.87	calc.^[64]
120	Ubn	Unbinilium	0.021	2.03	calc.^[72]
121	Ubu	Unbiunium	0.57	55	calc.^[36]

Molecule	Name	E_ea (eV)	E_ea (kJ/mol)	References
Diatomics
¹⁶OH	Hydroxyl	1.827 6488(11)	176.3413(2)	Goldfarb et al. (2005)
¹⁶OD		1.825 53(4)	176.137(5)	Schulz et al. (1982)
C₂	Dicarbon	3.269(6)	315.4(6)	Ervin & Lineberger (1991)
BO	Boron oxide	2.508(8)	242.0(8)	Wenthold et al. (1997)
NO	Nitric oxide	0.026(5)	2.5(5)	Travers, Cowles & Ellison (1989)
O₂	Dioxygen	0.450(2)	43.42(20)	Schiedt & Weinkauf (1995)
³²SH	Sulfhydryl	2.314 7283(17)	223.3373(2)	Chaibi et al. (2006)
F₂	Difluorine	3.08(10)	297(10)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
Cl₂	Dichlorine	2.35(8)	227(8)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
Br₂	Dibromine	2.53(8)	244(8)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
I₂	Diiodine	2.524(5)	243.5(5)	Zanni et al. (1997)
IBr	Iodine bromide	2.512(3)	242.4(4)	Sheps, Miller & Lineberger (2009)
LiCl	Lithium chloride	0.593(10)	57.2(10)	Miller et al. (1986)
FeO	Iron(II) oxide	1.4950(5)	144.25(6)	Kim, Weichman & Neumark (2015)
CN	Cyano radical	3.862(4)		^[73]
Triatomics
NO₂	Nitrogen dioxide	2.273(5)	219.3(5)	Ervin, Ho & Lineberger (1988)
O₃	Ozone	2.1028(25)	202.89(25)	Novick et al. (1979)
SO₂	Sulfur dioxide	1.107(8)	106.8(8)	Nimlos & Ellison (1986)
Larger polyatomics
CH₂CHO	Vinyloxy	1.8248(+2-6)	176.07(+3-7)	Rienstra-Kiracofe et al. (2002) after Mead et al. (1984)
C₆H₆	Benzene	−0.70(14)	−68(14)	Ruoff et al. (1995)
C₆H₄O₂	p-Benzoquinone	1.860(5)	179.5(6)	Schiedt & Weinkauf (1999)
BF₃	Boron trifluoride	2.65(10)	256(10)	Page & Goode (1969)
HNO₃	Nitric acid	0.57(15)	55(14)	Janousek & Brauman (1979)
CH₃NO₂	Nitromethane	0.172(6)	16.6(6)	Adams et al. (2009)
POCl₃	Phosphoryl chloride	1.41(20)	136(20)	Mathur et al. (1976)
SF₆	Sulfur hexafluoride	1.03(5)	99.4(49)	Troe, Miller & Viggiano (2012)
C₂(CN)₄	Tetracyanoethylene	3.17(20)	306(20)	Chowdhury & Kebarle (1986)
WF₆	Tungsten hexafluoride	3.5(1)	338(10)	George & Beauchamp (1979)
UF₆	Uranium hexafluoride	5.06(20)	488(20)	NIST chemistry webbook after Borshchevskii et al. (1988)
C₆₀	Buckminsterfullerene	2.6835(6)	258.92(6)	Huang et al. (2014)

Z	Element	Name	Electron affinity (eV)	Electron affinity (kJ/mol)	References
7	N⁻	Nitrogen	−6.98	−673	^[74]
7	N²⁻	Nitrogen	−11.09	−1070	^[74]
8	O⁻	Oxygen	−7.71	−744	^[74]
15	P⁻	Phosphorus	−4.85	−468	^[74]
15	P²⁻	Phosphorus	−9.18	−886	^[74]

Electron_affinity_(data_page)

Electron affinity (data page)

Elements

Molecules

Second and third electron affinity

Bibliography

Specific molecules

References

See also

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