Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD USSR. rus. Управление Особых Отделов при НКВД СССР, (UOO) was an organization created in 1941 to conduct military counterintelligence under one command. The UOO was created to take back control from the retreating Red Army after the German invasion of the USSR and to counter German espionage efforts in the Soviet Armed forces. The principle tactic used by the UOO on Red Army personnel was intimidation and terror.

At the beginning of the newly created VCheka, the responsibility for civilian and military counterintelligence fell on the Counterintelligence Bureau or KRB. Created on January 12, 1918, they were responsible for combating internal and external espionage in military and civilian activity.

From May 1918, the KRB was changed and acted as a Department for Fighting with Espionage in the framework of the Counter-Revolution and Sabotage Division within the VCheka, under the leadership of Yakov Blumkin. The department existed only until July 6, when the fight against espionage was taken over by the newly formed Military Sub-Branch, headed by Janushevski. On December 19, 1918, it was reformed again. By combining Military Sub-branch with the 1st Department (responsible for military counterintelligence) of the Registration Directorate or Riegistrupr (RU) by the Field Staff Revolutionary War Council (RWSR) and renamed to the "Military Division".

The final name change came days later when the VCheka Military Division was renamed to VCheka Special Department or (OO), with the standard responsibilities as military and civilian secret police. In the beginning, the Special Department was also responsible for:

1. fighting against counter-revolution and sabotage in the ranks of the Red Army
2. protecting newly created state borders
3. counterintelligence and counter-espionage duties in those military and civilian institutions which are essential to the economy and military industry
4. Surveillance of senior commanders,
5. running foreign and domestic human intelligence networks, mainly in areas occupied by White Army and Entente intervention forces.

In charge of VCheka and its successors (GPU NKVD RSFSR/OGPU CNK), the special department was very high ranking amongst leaders of Lenin's and Stalin's secret police.

People such as the old Bolsheviks Mikhail Sergeevich Kedrov and Felix Dzerzhinsky at the time the VCheka chairman and also from March 30, 1919, from the NKVD RSFSR.Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, future OGPU chairman, Yakov Agranov then chief of Special Department 16th Section later first originating from the GUGB NKVD USSR, and 1st deputy to NKVD head Genrikh Yagoda. In charge of the OO 14 Section, was Solomon Mogilevsky who later became head of the Foreign Department.

The centralization of all Soviet counterintelligence institutions under one name and one command can be attributed to couple of things. One of the most important was that after the 22 June 1941, the German invasion of the USSR, the huge losses inflicted on the Red Army by the German Armed Forces, and Military counterintelligence Navy, Army branches lost control over their armed forces.

Tragic situations on the Eastern Front included the loss of the city of Smolensk, three hundred thousand Red Army soldiers taken as POWs, and more important the loss of the city of Kyiv, which opened up the main road to Moscow and later Operation Typhoon. Soviet leadership (headed by Joseph Stalin) convinced the retreating Red Army to stop at any cost. This job was left to secret service bosses NKVD chief Lavrenty Beria and NKGB People's Commissar for state security Vsevolod Merkulov.

The decision to create one Military counterintelligence organ subordinate to one command was made on July 17, 1941, by Chairman of the State Defense Committee Iosif Stalin, with the decree number GKO-187/ss.^[6]

The organization structure for the Directorate of Special Departments within NKVD was approved by the People's Commissariat on August 15, 1941, and declared by NKVD USSR order number No.001305, in 1941 between September 12 and 16.

Victor Abakumov, as head of UOO NKVD USSR, had a powerful position. Not only he was in charge of the whole Military counterintelligence apparatus (except the Navy branch, which was headed by Alexander Petrov as the 3rd NKVMF Directorate. He was acquired by the UOO in January 1941, but with experience from his time in the Commissar of Internal Affairs for Military counterintelligence.) Having that position, he was officially subordinate to the NKVD USSR head Lavrentiy Beria, but daily he was called to Stalin's office to answer direct questions about cases, especially when was there nothing new since Stalin liked to call the NKGB head Merkulov or the rest of Berias deputies.

His first deputy and deputies, some of the deputies were also in charge of certain departments and responsible for coordinating preferments on the central level as in the field.

• chief  – (3rd rank) commissar of state security Viktor Abakumov
  • first deputy (3rd rank) Commissar of state security  – Solomon Milshtein 7/19/1941-9/24/1942
  • Afanasiy Klykov – major of state security 7/17/1941-8/22/1941
  • Fyodor Tutushkin  – division commissar (from 9/10/1941 – senior major of state security – 8/22/1941-6/30/1942
  • Nikolai Osetrov – 8/22/1941- 4/29/1943
  • Lavrentiy Tsanava – 10/21/1941-4/19/1943, (3rd rank) Commissar of state security.
  • Abakumov helper colonel Ivan Moskalenko 8/1941–4/1943

• Secretariat headed by Yakov Broverman
• Operational Section headed by A Miusov
• 1st Department: responsible for counter-espionage and other security measures in Red Army General Staff, headed by (at the time) state security major  – Ivan Moskalenko
• 2nd Department – responsible for Air Force headed by (at the time) brigade commissar Aleksandr Avsyevich
• 3rd Department (responsible for armored forces, artillery, chemical, and railway troops) headed by (at the time) state security captain Vlacheslav Rogov
• 4th Department – running agent networks, and conducting operational work in the main branches of the troops headed by brigade commissar: Gregory Bolotin
• 5th Department – CI protection of Red Army rear, headed by Konstanty Prohorenko.
• 6th Department  – NKVD troops headed by Iosif Lokish
• 7th department – searches, registration of operational informants and agents. Counterintelligence work within newly mobilized units headed by state security major Aleksandr Solovyev
• 8th Department  – (ciphers) headed by M. Sharikov
• Investigation Unit  – at the time State Security Kapitan Boris Pavlovsky

Immediately after the German attack of June 22, 1941, martial law was declared in USSR. Military tribunals were charged with hearing not only cases of servicemen if they involved threats to the defense of the Soviet Union or state security. At this time, the USSR's penal code allowed the OO's officers to prosecute civilian cases under the criminal code paragraph 58-9 (diversions). In a couple of cases, it took civilians very little to be challenged and shot. In this case, factory workers were arrested by OO officers that were responsible for the protection of the military factory for dropping ranch by accident, and making a small fire. The man tried was arrested and charged with diversion (sabotage) and shot, while his wife was sentenced to 15 years in a Gulag.

Cases were prosecuted within 24 hours after the person was charged. Initially, tribunals were obligated to get Moscow's approval for every death sentence. On July 27, 1941, this requirement was abolished. By September 1941, commanders and political commissars of division were also given the right to confer the death sentence. Executions were carried out immediately.

When Stalin signed order #270, he also signed other orders to give more power to political commissars and OO officers in the field from the corps level down through military ranks. He also required all level commanders to report the names of all servicemen taken as POWs and their families.