Demographic features of the population of Romania include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Quick Facts Romania, Population ...

Demographics of Romania
Population pyramid of Romania as of 2021
Population	19,892,812 (2023)[1]
Density	83.4/km2 (216/sq mi)
Growth rate	1.19% (2023)
Birth rate	9.292 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate	13.393 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy	76.5 years (2023)
• male	72 years
• female	79 years
Fertility rate	1.71 children born/woman (2022)[2]
Infant mortality rate	5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)[3] [4]
Net migration rate	−0.24 migrants/1,000 population (2015)
Age structure
0–14 years	3,073,902 (16.1%)
15–64 years	12,253,533 (64.3%)
65 and over	3,726,380 (19.6%)
Sex ratio
Total	0.95 males/female (2014)
At birth	1.06 males/female
Under 15	1.05 males/female
15–64 years	1.02 males/female
65 and over	0.73 males/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Romanian(s), adjective: Romanian
Major ethnic	Romanian
Minor ethnic	Hungarian, Roma, Ukrainian, German, Turkish, Tatar, Russian, Lipovan, Serbian, Slovak, Czech, Polish etc.
Language
Official	Romanian
Spoken	Romanian and other minority languages

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About 89.3% of the people of Romania are ethnic Romanians (as per 2021 census), whose native language, Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, descended from Latin (more specifically from Vulgar Latin) with some French, German, English, Greek, Italian, Slavic, and Hungarian borrowings.

Romanians are by far the most numerous group of speakers of an Eastern Romance language today. It has been said that they constitute "an island of Latinity"^[5] in Eastern Europe, surrounded on all sides either by Slavic peoples (namely South Slavic and East Slavic peoples) or by the Hungarians. The Hungarian minority in Romania constitutes the country's largest minority, or as much as 6.0 per cent of the entire population.^[6] With a population of about 19,659,267 people in 2022, Romania received 989,357 Ukrainian refugees on 27 May 2022, according to the United Nations (UN).^[7]

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February 2022 triggered a major refugee crisis in Europe.^[8] In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of the Russian-Ukrainian war, by 15 May 2022, more than 6,223,821 Ukrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 919,574 people fled to neighbouring Romania.^[7]

Romania's population has declined steadily in recent decades, from a peak of 23.2 million in 1990 to 19.12 million in 2021.^[9] Among the causes of population decline are high mortality, a low fertility rate since 1990, and tremendous levels of emigration.^[9]

In 1990, Romania's population was estimated to be 23.21 million inhabitants.^[10] For the entire period 1990–2006, the estimated population loss tops 1.5 million,^[10] but it is likely to be higher, given the explosion of migration for work after 2001 and the tendency of some migrants to settle permanently in the countries where they live.^[11]

Sources give varied estimates for Romania's historical population. The National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (NIRDI) gives the following numbers (the figure for 2020 was provided by the National Institute of Statistics – INSSE):

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

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^[12]

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of minorities in Romania. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Moldova and Ukraine) and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either left or were deported after World War II, a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During the interwar period in Romania, the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),^[13][14] a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One of the reasons for which the number of Germans in Romania fell is because after the Romanian Revolution there has been a mass migration of Transylvania Saxons to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaper Guardian to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'.^[15]

Of a total population of three quarter million Jews before World War II, about a third were killed during the Holocaust.^[16] Mass emigration, mostly to Israel and United States, has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).^[17]

Hungarians (Magyars; see Hungarians in Romania, especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Roma (see Romani people in Romania) are the principal minorities, with a declining German population (Banat Swabians in Timiș; Transylvanian Saxons in Sibiu, Brașov and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (especially in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks of Romania (especially in Brăila and Constanța), Turks and Tatars (mainly in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lipovans, Old Believers in Tulcea), Jews and others. Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU (Chinese, Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, Africans) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks).^[18] In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.^[19][20]

Minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary (after 1867 the Austria-Hungary) until the end of World War I. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.

The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the 2011 Romanian census, they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,^[21] with significant populations in Mureș (8.9%) and Călărași (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.^[22]

After Hungarians and the Roma, Ukrainians of Romania are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.^[23] Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in Maramureș County (where they make up 6.77% of the population).

Romania has 41 counties and one city with a special status, namely Bucharest. Ilfov County has the highest crude birth rate (12.0‰), while Vâlcea County has the lowest crude birth rate (6.6‰). Birth rates are generally higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.^[42]

• One birth every 3 minutes
• One death every 2 minutes
• Net loss of one person every 5 minutes
• One net migrant every 19 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.^[43]

0–14 years: 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082)

15–24 years: 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956)

25–54 years: 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090)

55–64 years: 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854)

65 years and over: 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.)

The following demographic statistics are from National Institute of Statistic on 1 July 2016.

• 0–14 years: 14.7% (male 1,678,542/female 1,586,709)
• 15–64 years: 69.5% (male 7,744,863/female 7,687,078)
• 65 years and over: 15.8% (male 1,420,144/female 2,097,659) (2016 est.)

As a consequence of the pro-natalist policies of the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime (see Decree 770), Romania has a higher proportion of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s its population than any other Western country except Slovenia. The generations born in 1967 and 1968 were the largest, although fertility remained relatively high until 1990. 8.55% of the Romanian population was born in the period from 1976 to 1980, compared with 6.82% of Americans and 6.33% of Britons.^[49]

Foreign-born population (according to Eurostat):^[51]

More information Population total, Total ...

	2016	2018	2020
Population total	19,760,585	19,533,481	19,328,838
Total	347,344	510,526	723,913
Moldova	137,406	201,628	302,001
Italy	46,172	60,543	72,473
Spain	35,857	46,645	59,978
Ukraine	14,328	25,644	47,614
United Kingdom	10,428	22,127	34,812
Germany	10,750	20,739	34,071
France	9,262	15,887	21,960
Bulgaria	10,882	10,540	10,029
Hungary	7,151	8,588	9,560
Russia	5,596	7,294	9,308
Turkey	6,769	7,933	9,230
Greece	5,576	6,843	7,829
China	4,235	5,485	6,125
United States	3,634	5,095	5,771
Belgium	1,808	3,120	4,970
Israel	2,121	3,727	4,718
Vietnam	111	642	4,223
Ireland	1,299	2,678	3,829
Austria	1,179	2,054	3,767
Syria	2,833	3,376	3,191
Serbia	1,897	2,484	2,845
Portugal	929	1,771	2,369
Denmark	545	1,105	2,246
Sri Lanka	89	340	2,195
Nepal	18	180	2,136
Netherlands	552	1,220	1,921
Tunisia	1,362	1,652	1,672
India	235	421	1,572
Cyprus	560	1,012	1,508
Iraq	1,701	2,044	1,419
Iran	1,348	1,350	1,410
Norway	477	941	1,375
Sweden	408	898	1,356
Morocco	386	876	1,343
Philippines	169	467	1,206
Switzerland	361	789	1,136
Poland	387	970	1,061
Pakistan	404	437	1,032

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• Romanian Orthodox — 86.7%
• Roman Catholic — 4.7%
• Protestant Churches (Calvin, Lutheran, Unitarian, Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist) — 5.3%
• Greek Catholic – Uniate — 0.9%
• Islam — 0.3%
• Atheist — ≈0.04% (9,271 people)
• No religion — 0.1%
• Other religions — 2.0%
• Refused to declare — 0.1%

Religious affiliation tends to follow ethnic lines, with most ethnic Romanians identifying with the Romanian Orthodox Church. The Greek Catholic or Uniate church, reunified with the Orthodox Church by fiat in 1948, was restored after the 1989 revolution. The 2002 census indicates that 0.9% of the population is Greek Catholic, as opposed to about 10% prior to 1948. Roman Catholics, largely ethnic Hungarians and Germans, constitute 4.7% of the population; Calvinists, Baptists (see Baptist Union of Romania and Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania), Pentecostals, and Lutherans make up another 5%. There are smaller numbers of Unitarians, Muslims, and other religions.

• Ageing of Europe
• Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania
• Immigration to Romania