Axin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AXIN1 gene.^[5]

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AXIN1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1DK8, 1EMU, 1O9U, 3ZDI, 4B7T, 4NM0, 4NM3, 4NM5, 4NM7, 4NU1
Identifiers
Aliases	AXIN1, AXIN, PPP1R49, axin 1
External IDs	OMIM: 603816 MGI: 1096327 HomoloGene: 2614 GeneCards: AXIN1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 16 (human)[1] Band 16p13.3 Start 287,440 bp[1] End 352,723 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 17 (mouse)[2] Band 17 A3.3|17 13.07 cM Start 26,357,662 bp[2] End 26,414,785 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in gastrocnemius muscle monocyte skin of abdomen blood popliteal artery ganglionic eminence right coronary artery upper lobe of left lung anterior pituitary thoracic aorta Top expressed in Paneth cell corneal stroma thymus lip secondary oocyte maxillary prominence tracheobronchial tree spermatocyte somite trachea More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function beta-catenin binding protein homodimerization activity I-SMAD binding GTPase activator activity protein binding enzyme binding signaling receptor complex adaptor activity SMAD binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding molecular adaptor activity protein kinase binding armadillo repeat domain binding identical protein binding signaling adaptor activity Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol lateral plasma membrane membrane plasma membrane perinuclear region of cytoplasm cytoplasmic vesicle nucleus beta-catenin destruction complex cell periphery Biological process forebrain anterior/posterior pattern specification negative regulation of fat cell differentiation positive regulation of protein phosphorylation olfactory placode formation positive regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway embryonic eye morphogenesis negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway positive regulation of JNK cascade negative regulation of transcription elongation from RNA polymerase II promoter positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated multicellular organism development lens placode formation determination of left/right symmetry canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process cytoplasmic microtubule organization canonical Wnt signaling pathway embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis axial mesoderm formation positive regulation of protein ubiquitination activation of protein kinase activity muscle cell development Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway signal transduction apoptotic process beta-catenin destruction complex disassembly positive regulation of GTPase activity Wnt signaling pathway beta-catenin destruction complex assembly regulation of Wnt signaling pathway regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 8312 12005 Ensembl ENSG00000103126 ENSMUSG00000024182 UniProt O15169 O35625 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003502 NM_181050 NM_001159598 NM_009733 NM_001394381 NM_001394382 NM_001394389 RefSeq (protein) NP_003493 NP_851393 NP_001153070 NP_033863 NP_001381310 NP_001381311 NP_001381318 Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 0.29 – 0.35 Mb Chr 17: 26.36 – 26.41 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
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This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein which contains a regulation of G-protein signaling (RGS) domain and a dishevelled and axin (DIX) domain. The encoded protein interacts with adenomatosis polyposis coli, catenin (cadherin-associated protein) beta 1, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, protein phosphatase 2, and itself. This protein functions as a negative regulator of the wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1 (WNT) signaling pathway and can induce apoptosis. The crystal structure of a portion of this protein, alone and in a complex with other proteins, has been resolved. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastomas, ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas, and medulloblastomas. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.^[6]

The AXIN proteins attract substantial interest in cancer research as AXIN1 and AXIN2 work synergistically to control pro-oncogenic β-catenin signaling. Importantly, activity in the β-catenin destruction complex can be increased by tankyrase inhibitors and are a potential therapeutic option to reduce the growth of β-catenin-dependent cancers.^[7] Mutation in AXIN1 can provoke cancerous disease. AXIN1-truncating mutations at least partially affect β-catenin regulation, whereas this is only the case for a subset of missense mutations. Consistently, most colorectal and liver cancers carrying missense variants acquire mutations in other β-catenin regulatory genes such as APC and CTNNB1.^[8] Thus AXIN1 has emerged as an important oncogen in various gastrointestinal and liver cancers.

The full-length human protein comprises 862 amino acids with a (predicted) molecular mass of 96 kDa. The N-terminal RGS domain, a GSK3 kinase interacting peptide of Axin1 and homologs of the C-terminal DIX domains have been solved at atomic resolution. Large WNT-downregulating central regions have been characterized as intrinsically disordered by biophysical experiments and bioinformatic analysis.^[9] Biophysical destabilization of the folded RGS domain induces formation of nanoaggregates that expose and locally concentrate intrinsically disordered regions, which in turn misregulate Wnt signalling. Many other large IDPs (Intrinsically Disordered Proteins) are affected by missense mutations, such as BRCA1, Adenomatous polyposis coli, CREB-binding protein/(CBP) and might be affected in similar ways by missense mutations of their folded domains.^[10]

AXIN1 has been shown to interact with: