Brahmi Na

The Brahmi letter , Na, is probably derived from the Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu.^[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Na can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

More information Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE), Girnar (~150 BCE) ...

Brahmi Na historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

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Tocharian Na

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Nä.

More information Nā, Ni ...

Tocharian Na with vowel marks

Na	Nā	Ni	Nī	Nu	Nū	Nr	Nr̄	Ne	Nai	No	Nau	Nä	Fremdzeichen

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Kharoṣṭhī Na

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to N and Nu, in addition to the Brahmi Na.^[2]

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, न is pronounced as [nə] or [n] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with न

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.^[4]

ন in Bengali-using languages

ন is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ন

Bengali ন exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards a trailing ন realized as a reduced form in stacked ligatures, similar to Va-phala, and initial ন appending a reduced form onto the vertical stemline of the following consonant, or as a fully stacked ligature.^[5]

• ধ্ (dʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

• গ্ (g) + ন (na) gives the ligature gna:

• গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + ন (na) gives the ligature kṣna:

• ম্ (m) + ন (na) gives the ligature mna:

• ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

• ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:

• ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

• ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ম (ma) gives the ligature nma:

• ন্ (n) + ন (na) gives the ligature nna:

• ন্ (n) + ত (ta) gives the ligature nta:

• ন্ (n) + থ (t^ha) gives the ligature nt^ha:

• ন্ (n) + থ্ (t^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature nt^hra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ntra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

• ন্ (n) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature nṭa:

• ন্ (n) + ঠ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature nṭ^ha:

• ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ntva, with the va phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + ব (va) gives the ligature nva, with the va phala suffix:

• ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature nya, with the ya phala suffix:

• প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

• র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna, with the repha prefix:

• শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

• স্ (s) + ন (na) gives the ligature sna:

• ত্ (t) + ন (na) gives the ligature tna:

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ન is pronounced as [nə] or [n] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with ન

Gujarati ન exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. One of the most common variants includes a form of Na that angles downward. Other non-half form variants include the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa:

• ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa:

• ન્ (n) + ન (na) gives the ligature NNa:

• ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:

• ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌhNa:

• ખ્ (k^h) + ન (na) gives the ligature KhNa:

• ગ્ (g) + ન (na) gives the ligature GNa:

• ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature GhNa:

• ચ્ (c) + ન (na) gives the ligature CNa:

• ઞ્ (ɲ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ÑNa:

• ત્ (t) + ન (na) gives the ligature TNa:

• થ્ (t^h) + ન (na) gives the ligature ThNa:

• દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

• ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:

• પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

• બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:

• ભ્ (b^h) + ન (na) gives the ligature BhNa:

• મ્ (m) + ન (na) gives the ligature MNa:

• ય્ (y) + ન (na) gives the ligature YNa:

• લ્ (l) + ન (na) gives the ligature LNa:

• ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ન (na) gives the ligature LlNa:

• વ્ (v) + ન (na) gives the ligature VNa:

• શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:

• હ્ (h) + ન (na) gives the ligature HNa:

Conjuncts of ന

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ന് (n) + ത (ta) gives the ligature nta:

• ന് (n) + ഥ (t^ha) gives the ligature nt^ha:

• ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

• ന് (n) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

• ക് (k) + ന (na) gives the ligature kna:

• ഗ് (g) + ന (na) gives the ligature gna:

• ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

• ത് (t) + ന (na) gives the ligature tna:

• ന് (n) + ന (na) gives the ligature nna:

• പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

• ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

• സ് (s) + ന (na) gives the ligature sna:

• ഹ് (h) + ന (na) gives the ligature hna:

• ന് (n) + മ (ma) gives the ligature nma:

• ന് (n) + റ (rra) gives the ligature nrra:

Conjuncts of ନ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Na is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Na Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

• ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Conjuncts of 𑂢

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂢 (na) gives the ligature rna: