The Vilna uezd^{[lower-alpha 1]} was a county (uezd) of the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire, with the administrative centre in Vilna (which is in modern-day Vilnius). The uezd was bordered by the Sventsyany uezd to the east, the Oshmyany and Lida uezds to the south, the Troki uezd to the west, and the Vilkomir uezd of the Kovno Governorate to the north. The district covered the area of modern Vilnius County of Lithuania.

A part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Vilnius Voivodeship was annexed by the Russian Empire as a part of the Partitions of Poland. In 1796, the Lithuania Governorate was established, which included the Vilna uezd, and later became a part of the Litva-Vilna Governorate.

The Russian rule on Vilnius land came to an end ephemerally in 1915 when Imperial Germany established the Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East, also known as Ober-Ost, followed by the Kingdom of Lithuania. After the Polish occupation, the Soviet authorities formally abolished it in 1924.

The subcounties (volosts) of the Vilna uezd in 1912 were as follows:^[1]