The timeline of the Palestine region is a timeline of major events in the history of Palestine. For more details on the history of Palestine see History of Palestine. In cases where the year or month is uncertain, it is marked with a slash, for example 636/7 and January/February.

• c. 65–70 million BCE – A Prognathodon dies in the Negev region; its complete skull was discovered in a phosphate mine in the Negev in 1993.^[1][2]

• 420–220 ka BP – archaic humans occupy the Qesem Cave.^[3]

• c. 9000 BCE – Natufian hunter-gatherer groups form a permanent settlement that would come to be known as Jericho.

Neolithic (8,500–4,500 BCE).^[4]

Chalcolithic (4,500–3,500 BCE).^[4]

Babylonian and Persian periods (586–332 BCE).^[4]

The Babylonian period began with the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587 or 586 BCE. The Persian period spans the years 539–332 BCE, from the time Cyrus II of Persia ("the Great") conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire, to the conquest of the region by Alexander the Great.

The Hellenistic period began with Alexander the Great's conquest of Palestine in 332 BCE and ended with Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 63 BCE. Alternatively, it can be considered to end with the victory of Rome's client king, Herod the Great, over the last Hasmonean king of Judea in 37 BCE.^[4]

• c. 260 BCE – Beit She'an is refounded as the poleis Scythopolis by Ptolemy II Philadelphus.^[8]
• 200 BCE – The Seleucid emperor Antiochus III the Great conquers Palestine.^[9]

• 175 BCE:
  • Seleucus IV (r. 187 BCE – 175 BCE) dies and is succeeded by Antiochus, son of Seleucus IV.^[10]
  • Antiochus IV Epiphanes (r. 175 BCE – 164 BCE) becomes the Seleucid emperor.^[11]
• 174 BCE – Antiochus appoints Jason as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple.^[12]
• 172 BCE – Antiochus replaces Jason with Menelaus as high priest of the Jerusalem Temple as the latter offers to pay a much bigger tribute.^[13]
• Late 170 BCE/early 169 BCE – Antiochus invades Egypt but decides to return. Perhaps because of disturbances in Palestine. His return is triumphant and he brings many spoils.^[14]
• 169 BCE, autumn – On his way back from Egypt, Antiochus raids the Jerusalem Temple and confiscates its treasures.^[15]
• 168 BCE, spring – Antiochus invades Egypt but the Romans force him to withdraw.^[16] Meanwhile, rumors spread in Judea that the king has died and Jason launches a surprise attack on Jerusalem, captures the city, and kills supporters of his rival Menelaus.^[17] Antiochus interprets Jason's attack as a rebellion and sends an army that retakes Jerusalem and drives Jason's followers away.^[18]
• 167 BCE, autumn – Antiochus IV Epiphanes outlaws Judaism in Judea and allows pagan worship at the Jerusalem temple.^[19]
• 165 BCE, spring – Antiochus campaigns against the Parthians.^[20]
• 164 BCE:
  • spring – Antiochus issues a letter repealing the ban on Judaism and promising amnesty for the insurgents who return before March 164. The provincial land-tax from 167 BCE is abolished. The Maccabees does not take up the Seleucids offer and the insurgency continues.^[21]
  • summer – The Maccabees carries out a number of punitive expeditions, likely led by Judas, against people who had participated in the persecution against Jews.^[22]
  • autumn/winter – Judas enters Jerusalem and the altar to Zeus and other pagan artifacts are removed from the Temple.^[23] Meanwhile, Antiochus dies in Persis,^[24] igniting a century-long war of succession in Antioch, the capital of the Seleucid empire.^[25]
• 161 BCE – Judas Maccabeus is killed in battle and his army is routed.^[26]
• 152 BCE – Jonathan Apphus is appointed high priest of the Jerusalem temple by the Seleucids.^[27]
• c. 145 BCE – The Seleucid ruler Demetrius II Nicator lets Judea annex the three southern Samarian districts Lydda, Aphairema, and Ramathaim.^[27]
• 135/4 BCE – John Hyrcanus becomes Hasmonean king.^[28]
• 129 BCE – The Seleucid emperor Antiochus VII Sidetes dies.^[29]
• c. 112–107 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy the Samaritan temple at Mount Gerizim and devastates Shechem.^[30]
• c. 108/7 BCE – The Hasmoneans destroy Scythopolis.^[8]
• 104 BCE – Aristobulus I succeeds Hyrcanus as king of Judea.^[31]
• 103 BCE – Alexander Jannaeus succeeds Aristobulus. He greatly extends the Hasmonean kingdom, concentrating on Greek cities along the Palestinian coast.^[32]
• 76 BCE – Hyrcanus II succeeds Alexander Jannaeus.^[33]

• 67 BCE:
  • Salome Alexandra dies and her son Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea.^[34]
  • A war of succession leads to a civil war among the Hasmoneans in Judea.^[33]

The Roman period lasted from Pompey's conquest of Palestine in 66 BCE, until the legal establishment of Christianity in the realm. Suggestions for the end date vary between the Edict of Milan in 313 CE by which Constantine the Great declares Christianity a permitted religion, and the declaration of Nicene Christianity as the sole state religion by three co-emperors including Theodosius, emperor of the East, through the Edict of Thessalonica of 380.

• 63 BCE – Roman troops occupy Palestine.^[35]
• 57–54 BCE – Scythopolis is rebuilt by the Roman proconsul Gabinius.^[8]
• 47 BCE:
  • Herod the Great is appointed governor of Galilee.^[36]
  • Herod clears out Hezekiah's "brigands,"^[37] who had been harassing people in southern Syria.^{[citation needed]}
• 40 BCE:
  • The Parthians invade Judea, seize Jerusalem, and appoint Antigonus II Mattathias King of Judea.^{[citation needed]}
  • Herod visits Rome to seek Mark Antony's support.^[38] He is appointed king by the Roman senate.^[39]
• 37 BCE – Herod the Great conquers Judea with the help of Roman and Jewish troops. Antigonus II Mattathias, who had barricaded himself in the city, is beheaded by Mark Antony.^[40]
• 31 BCE – 31 BC Judea earthquake. A powerful earthquake occurs in Judea.^[41]
• 27 BCE – King Herod rebuilds Samaria and renames it Sebastia.^[42]
• 23 BCE – King Herod builds a palace and fortress called Herodium, about 7.5 miles (12 km) south of Jerusalem.^[43]
• 22 BCE – Herod begins construction of a new city and harbor called Caesarea Maritima at the old settlement Straton's Tower.^[44]
• 20 BCE:
  • Herod is awarded large swathes of northern territory by emperor Augustus to add to his kingdom.^[45]
  • Citizens of Gadara appeal to Augustus to be excluded from Herod's kingdom.^[46]
• 19 BCE – King Herod the Great further extends the Temple Mount's natural plateau and rebuilds the temple.^[47]
• c. 10 BCE – Caesarea is completed.^[48]
• 7 BCE - Herod has his two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, executed.^[49]
• 7–2 BCE – Birth of Jesus.^[50]
• 4 BCE – Herod dies and a wave of unrest sweeps Palestine.^[51]
• 6 CE:
  • Leading Jews and Samaritans ask Augustus to remove Herod Archelaus from the throne. He obliges and Archelaus is deposed and exiled. His territory, consisting of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, is organized into the Roman district Iudaea.^[52]
  • First Roman census of Judea.^[53]

• c. 20 – Tiberias in the Galilee is founded by Herod Antipas, one of Herod the Great's successors.^[54]
• 26–33 – Jesus is crucified.
• 37 – Herod Philip dies.^[55]
• 39 – Antipas is removed from his post and banished to Gaul. Herod Agrippa I receives his territories.^[55]
• 41 – Agrippa I becomes king of parts of the Herodian kingdom which, in 6 CE, had been divided by Herod's sons.^[56]
• 44 – Herod Agrippa I dies.^[57] Judea comes under direct Roman administration.^[58]
• 62–64 – Completion of the renovations of the Jerusalem temple begun by Herod.^[59]
• 66–70 – First Jewish revolt:^[60]
  • 66 – The revolt breaks out in the summer.^[61]
  • 67 – Roman legions invade Palestine.^[61]
  • 69 – Vespasian is declared emperor and leaves for Rome. His older son, Titus, takes command of the Roman legions in Palestine.^[58]
  • 70 – The Romans takes Jerusalem and destroy the Second Temple.^[62]
  • 73/4 – The Romans takes Masada, the last rebel holdout.^[63]
• 70/1 – Provincia Iudaea is established.^[64]
• 106 – The Romans annex Nabataean territory, reorganizing it as the province of Arabia.^[65]
• 120 – First imperial road built through the Galilee.^[66]
• 129/130 – The Roman emperor Hadrian visits Syria, Palestine, and Arabia,^[67] and founds the Roman colony Aelia Capitolina at Jerusalem.^[68] Presumably, the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba revolt is directly linked to this event.^[69]
• 132–135 – Bar Kokhba revolt:^[70]
• 195 – The bishops of Caesarea and Jerusalem, Theophilus and Narcissus, preside over a council in Caesarea to settle a growing dispute over the proper date of the celebration of Easter.^[71]
• 222 – Caesarea becomes the metropolitan see for Palestine.^[72]
• 270 – Zenobia, ruler of the Palmyrene Empire, conquers most of the Roman east including Palestine.
• 272 – Palestine is recaptured by Rome.

Allowing for varying starting dates (see above under Roman period), this timeline chooses for convenience's sake to set the starting year of the Byzantine period as 313, when Constantine declared Christianity a permitted religion. The period ends with the Muslim conquest of Palestine in 637–641.

• 313 – Roman co-emperors Constantine I and Licinius declare that Christianity is an acceptable religion.^[73]
• 324 – Constantine—having defeated Emperor Maximian, Caesar of the Western Roman Empire at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge—becomes the sole ruler of the re-united Roman Empire with its capital at Byzantium (New Rome). Queen Helena, a devout Christian, wife of Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius and mother of Constantine the Great, departs for the Holy Land and begins the construction of churches.
• 326–333 – Concurrent construction of the world's first 4 state-sponsored purpose-built churches under the tutelage of Constantine and Helena: the Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem, marking the site where according to Christian tradition Jesus was born; "Eleona" (Greek: Olive) on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, also called "Chapel of the Apostles", marking the site where, according to Christian tradition, Jesus ascended to heaven; the Church of the Holy Cross,^{[citation needed]} later called the Church of the Resurrection and Church of the Holy Sepulchre, is built in Jerusalem around the hill of Golgotha, marking the site where, according to Christian tradition, Jesus was crucified, buried, and resurrected; and the basilica of St. George at Mamre (Ramat el-Khalil), near Hebron.
• c. 350 – The Christian monk Hilarion founds the first church in Haluza and converts a large portion of the population.^[74]
• 351/2 – Jewish revolt centered around Sepphoris against the Caesar of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor Constantius Gallus. The revolt is quickly subdued by Gallus' general Ursicinus.^[75]
• c. 357 – Palestine is divided into the provinces Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Salutaris.^[76]
• 361–363 – Roman emperor Julian the Apostate orders Alypius of Antioch to rebuild the Jewish Temple.^[77]
• 363 – An earthquake with its epicenter in the Galilee rocks Palestine.^[78] The earthquake results in, among other things, a halt in the construction of the Jewish Temple, mainly because it ruins the early stages of the construction. Ultimately the plan to rebuild the Temple is scrapped after the death of emperor Julian in June 363.
• 374/5 – Melania the Elder founds a monastery on the Mount of Olives which also functions as a hostel for pilgrims.^[74]
• c. 400 – Palestine proper is split into the provinces Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda. Palaestina Salutaris is renamed Palaestina Tertia.^[79]
• 425 – The Sanhedrin is disbanded by the Byzantine Empire.

• 438-439 – Empress Aelia Eudocia Augusta visits Jerusalem for the first time.^[80]
• 451 – The Council of Chalcedon declares that Jerusalem shall be a patriachate.^[81]
• 484 – Samaritans revolt as Emperor Zeno has a church built on their holy mountain, Gerizim.^[82]
• 529 – The Samaritans rebel against the Romans.^[83] Samaritanism loses its religio licita status as punishment.^[84]
• 541/2 – The bubonic plague sweeps Palestine.^[8]
• 555/6 – Uprising by Samaritans and Jews centered around Caesarea.^[85]
• 571 – Muhammad, founder of Islam, is born in Mecca.^[73]
• 613 – The Sasanian Empire (Persian Empire) captures several Palestinian cities on the coast.^[86]
• 614 May – The Sasanian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem;^[86] the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured.^[86]
• 629 – Byzantine Emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem after the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of Nineveh in 627. Heraclius personally returns the True Cross to the city.^[87]
• 634 February 4 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats a 300-man-strong Byzantine force led by Dux Sergius at the Battle of Dathin, near Gaza.^[88]

The Crusader period, sometimes referred to as the medieval period, as it was the only time when the Western-type societal organisation was transplanted to the region, lasted from 1099 when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem, to 1291 when the Kingdom of Jerusalem's last major possession in the Holy Land, Acre, was overrun by the Mamluks. In part of that period, almost every part of the territory changed hands repeatedly between the Crusaders and the Ayyubids.

• 1096–1099 – First Crusade and the establishment of the Catholic Kingdom of Jerusalem in Outremer.
• 1099:
  • June 7 – The crusaders reach Jerusalem and besieges the city.^[154]
  • June 17 – A Genoese fleet captures Jaffa.^[155][156]
  • July 15 – Catholic soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.^[157]
  • July 22 – Godfrey is elected as the ruler of Jerusalem, but he is not crowned king.^[158][159]
  • August 12 – The Crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.^[160]

  • Godfrey of Bouillon enters Jaffa.^[152]
• 1100 December 25 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established.^[161]
• 1113–1115 – Earthquakes hits the region.^[162]
• 1116 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem.^[162]
• 1153 August 23 – The Franks capture Ascalon, thus completing the conquest of the Western coast of the Mediterranean Sea.^[163][164]
• 1177 November 25 – Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.
• 1124 – Crusaders conquer Tyre.^[165]
• 1177 – The Latins repair the walls of Jerusalem.^[162]
• 1187:
  • May 1 – Battle of Cresson: Saladin defeats the crusaders.
  • June – Saladin captures Tiberias.^[161]
  • July 4 – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin.^[161]
  • October 2 – Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders.^[166]
• 1189 August 28 – Guy of Lusignan besieges Acre.^[167]
• 1189–1192 – Third Crusade led by the armies of Richard the Lionhearted.
• 1191:
  • June 8 – Richard arrives at Acre.^[167]
  • July 12 – The Muslim garrison at Acre surrenders to the Crusaders.^[168]
  • August 20 – Richard executes Muslim prisoners from Acre outside the city.^[167]
  • September 7 – Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf forcing him to retreat with heavy losses.^[169]

• 1192:
  • September 2 – Richard and Saladin signs the Treaty of Jaffa, a peace-treaty to run for three years.^[170]
  • October 9 – Richard leaves Palestine.^[171]
• 1193 March 3/4 – Saladin dies in Damascus. Conflicts between his sons, brothers and nephews cause the disintegration of his empire.^[172]
• 1202 – Major earthquake.^[173]
• 1219 March – The Ayyubid sultan Al-Mu'azzam Isa orders the destruction of Jerusalem's city walls to prevent the crusaders from capturing a fortified city.^[174]
• 1229:
  • February 18 – Frederick II and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Kamil signs the Treaty of Jaffa, a 10-year-truce (hudna) that restores Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem to Christian control in exchange for protection.^[175]
  • March 17 – Frederick enters Jerusalem.^[176]
• 1239 – The Ayyubid ruler An-Nasir Dawud destroys some of the refortifications built by the Franks in Jerusalem.^[173]
• 1243 – The Franks recover Jerusalem.^[173]
• 1244:
  • July 11 – The Khwarezmians capture Jerusalem and slaughter its inhabitants.^[177]
  • October 18 – Battle of La Forbie north-east of Gaza: The Crusaders and their allies, the Ayyubids of Damascus, Homs, and Kerak, suffer a crushing defeat by the Egyptian army and their Khwarezmian mercenaries.^[178]
• c. 1250 – Rabbi Yehiel ben Joseph founds a Yeshiva (Jewish religious school) in Acre.^[179]
• 1258 – The Mongols execute the last Abbasid caliph.^[97]
• 1260 – Battle of Ain Jalut (Jezreel Valley) between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols.
• 1265 – The Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima.
• 1267 – According to tradition, Nachmanides visits Jerusalem and establishes the Ramban Synagogue. However, it is doubtful whether Nachmanides ever visited Jerusalem.^[180]
• 1291 May 18 – Fall of Acre: Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Catholic landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade.^[161]

The Mamluk period lasted from 1291 when the Mamluks capture Acre, to 1517 when the Ottomans conquered Palestine.

• 1927 July 11 – 1927 Jericho earthquake – A powerful earthquake occurs in the Jordan Rift Valley region.
• 1929 – Outbreak of the 1929 Palestine riots.
• 1936–1939 – The Great Arab Revolt.
• 1947 November 29 – UN General Assembly adopts a resolution containing proposal to divide Mandatory Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish States, with a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem and its environs.^[190]

• 1948 May 14 – Israeli Declaration of Independence: Jewish leadership in the region of Palestine announces the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.^[191]
• 1948 May 14–1949 January 7 – The 1948 Arab–Israeli War: a large-scale war between Israel and five Arab countries and the Palestinian-Arabs. The war results in an Israeli victory, with Israel annexing territory beyond the borders of the proposed Jewish state and into the borders of the proposed Arab state and West Jerusalem.^[192] Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt signed the 1949 Armistice Agreements with Israel. The Gaza Strip and the West Bank, were occupied by Egypt and Transjordan, respectively, until 1967. In 1951, the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimated that some 711,000 Palestinian refugees were displaced by the war.^[193]
• 1949:
  • February 24 – Israel and Egypt sign an armistice agreement.^[194]
  • March 23 – Israel and Lebanon sign an armistice agreement.^[194]
  • April 3 – Israel and Jordan sign an armistice agreement.^[194]
  • July 20 – Israel and Syria sign an armistice agreement.^[194]
• 1950 Spring – Jordan annexes the West Bank.^[194]
• 1956 October 29–November 5 – The Sinai Campaign. This war followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal. Initiated by United Kingdom and France, the war was conducted in cooperation with Israel, and aimed at occupying the Sinai Peninsula, with the Europeans regaining control over the Suez Canal. Although the Israeli occupation of the Sinai was successful, the US and USSR forced it to abandon this conquest. Israel, however, managed to re-open the Straits of Tiran and secure its southern border.
• 1967 June 5–10 – The Six-Day War between Israel and all of its neighboring countries: Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon which were aided by other Arab countries. The war lasted for six days and concluded with Israel expanding its territory significantly — Gaza Strip and Sinai from Egypt, the West Bank and Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

• 1973 October 6–24 – The Yom Kippur War was fought. The war began with a surprise joint attack on two fronts by the armies of Syria (in the Golan Heights) and Egypt (in the Suez Canal), deliberately initiated during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. The Egyptian Army got back Sinai that was occupied by the Israeli armies for almost 7 years.
• 1974 – The PLO is allowed to represent the Palestinian Arab refugees in the UN as their sole political representative organisation.
• 1978 September 18 – Israel and Egypt sign a comprehensive peace agreement at Camp David which included a condition of Israel's withdrawal from the Rest of Sinai.
• 1979 March 26 – The peace treaty with Egypt was signed by the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
• 1982 June–December – The First Lebanon War took place during which Israel invaded southern Lebanon due to the constant terror attacks on northern Israel by the Palestinian guerrilla organizations resident there. The war resulted in the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon, and created an Israeli Security Zone in southern Lebanon.
• 1984 November 21–1985 January 5 – Operation Moses: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 8,000 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel from Sudan.
• 1987–1991 – The First Intifada: The first Palestinian uprising took place in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories.
• 1988 November 15 – Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) – The Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), in Algiers on 15 November 1988 unilaterally proclaimed the establishment of a new independent state called the "State of Palestine".
• 1991 May 24–25 – Operation Solomon: IDF forces conduct a secret operation in which approximately 14,400 Ethiopian Jews were brought to Israel within 34 hours in 30 IAF and El Al aircraft.

• 1993 September 13 – The first Oslo Accords are signed at an official ceremony in Washington in the presence of Yitzhak Rabin for Israel, Yasser Arafat for PLO and Bill Clinton for the United States.
• 1994 October 26 – The Peace agreement between Israel and Jordan is signed.
• 1995 November 4 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by right-wing Israeli radical Yigal Amir.
• 2000–2005 (unclear) – The Second Intifada: The second Palestinian uprising took place in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories. The uprising which began as massive protests carried out by Palestinians in the Palestinian Territories, soon turned into a violent Palestinian guerrilla campaign which included numerous suicide attacks carried out against Israeli civilians within the state of Israel.

• 2002 June – As a result of the significant increase of suicide bombing attacks within Israeli population centers during the first years of the Second Intifada, Israel began the construction of the West Bank Fence along the Green Line border arguing that the barrier is necessary to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian militants. The significantly reduced number of incidents of suicide bombings from 2002 to 2005 has been partly attributed to the barrier.^[195] The barrier's construction, which has been highly controversial, became a major issue of contention between the two sides.
• 2005 August 23 – Israel's unilateral disengagement plan: The evacuation of 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank is completed.
• 2006 July 12–August 14 – The Second Lebanon War took place, which began as a military operation in response to the abduction of two Israeli reserve soldiers by the Hezbollah, and gradually grew to a wider conflict. 1,191 Lebanese were killed, 4,409 were injured.
• 2008 December 27–2009 January 18 – Operation Cast Lead: IDF forces conducted a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip during which dozens of targets were attacked in the Gaza Strip in response to ongoing rocket fire on the western Negev. 1,291 Palestinians were killed.
• 2012:
  • November 14–November 21 – Operation Pillar of Cloud: IDF forces launches a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip in response to Palestinian militants firing over a hundred rockets from the Gaza Strip into southern Israel beginning on 10 November, with the aims of restoring quiet to southern Israel and to strike at what it considers terror organizations.^[196] The operation officially began with the assassination of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas.^[197] 158 Palestinians were killed.
  • November 29 – United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19: Upgrading of Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations.^[198]
• 2016 December 23 – United Nations Security Council resolution 2334: Condemning Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.^[199]
• 2017 December 6 – US President Donald Trump announced the United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.^[200]
• 2023 October 7 – 2023 Israel–Hamas war: Hamas launched a large-scale offensive against Israel, during which Hamas initially fired thousands of rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip, while at the same time over a thousand Palestinian militants broke through the border and entered Israel by foot and with motor vehicles, as they engaged in gun battles with the Israeli security forces, conducting massacres and shootings of Israeli civilians, took over Israeli towns and military bases, as well as kidnapped over 200 Israeli soldiers and civilians. As a result Israel's Security Cabinet formally declares war for the first time since the Yom Kippur War in 1973.^[201]

• Land of Israel
• Palestine (region)
• List of years in Israel
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• Time periods in the Palestine region
• Timeline of Haifa
• Timeline of Hebron
• Timeline of Jerusalem
• Timeline of Tel Aviv
• Timeline of Middle Eastern history
• Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
• Timeline of Israeli history
• Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
• British foreign policy in the Middle East
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