Sweden

Sweden (Swedish: Sverige [ˈsvæ̌rjɛ] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden[19] (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige [ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ] (listen)), is a country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge–tunnel across the Öresund. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the largest Nordic country, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the fifth-largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.4 million,[11] and a low population density of 25.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (66/sq mi), with around 87% of Swedes residing in urban areas in the central and southern half of the country.

Kingdom of Sweden Konungariket Sverige  (Swedish)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:  För Sverige – i tiden[a] (English: "For Sweden – With the Times")[1]
Anthem:  Du gamla, Du fria[b] (English: "Thou ancient, Thou free") Royal anthem:  Kungssången (English: "Song of the King")
Show globe Show map of Europe Location of Sweden (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Stockholm 59°21′N 18°4′E
Official languages	Swedish[c]
National minority languages	Sámi Finnish Meänkieli Romani Yiddish
Religion (2017)[2][3]	66.8% Christianity —60.3% Church of Sweden[lower-alpha 1] —6.5% Other Christian 27.0% Unaffiliated 5.0% Islam 1.2% Others
Demonym(s)	Swedish Swede
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch	Carl XVI Gustaf
• Riksdag Speaker	Andreas Norlén
• Prime Minister	Magdalena Andersson
Legislature	Riksdag
History
• A unified Swedish kingdom established	By the early 12th century
• Part of the Kalmar Union	17 June 1397 – 6 June 1523
• Part of the Swedish-Norwegian Union	4 November 1814 – 26 October 1905[9]
• Joined the European Union	1 January 1995
Area
• Total	450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi) (55th)
• Water (%)	8.37 (2015)[10]
Population
• 31 May 2022 estimate	10,481,937[11] (87th)
• Density	25/km2 (64.7/sq mi) (198th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$674,263 billion[12] (39th)
• Per capita	$62,926[12] (20h)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$621,241 billion[12] (24th)
• Per capita	$57,978[12] (16th)
Gini (2021)	26.8[13] low
HDI (2019)	0.945[14] very high · 7th
Currency	Swedish krona (SEK)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format	yyyy-mm-dd
Driving side	right[e]
Calling code	+46
ISO 3166 code	SE
Internet TLD	.se[f]
Website sweden.se
^ "För Sverige – I tiden" has been adopted by Carl XVI Gustaf as his personal motto. ^ Du gamla, Du fria has never been officially adopted as national anthem, but is so by convention. ^ Since 1 July 2009.[15][16] Five other languages are officially recognised as minority languages:[17] Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish. The Swedish Sign Language also has a special status. ^ Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born, or born in Sweden with foreign born parents.[18] As the Swedish government does not base any statistics on ethnicity, there are no exact numbers on the ethnic background of migrants and their descendants in Sweden. This is not, however, to be confused with migrants' national backgrounds, which are recorded. ^ Since 3 September 1967. ^ The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats (Swedish: Götar) and Swedes (Svear) and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen. An independent Swedish state emerged during the early 12th century. After the Black Death in the middle of the 14th century killed about a third of the Scandinavian population,[20][21] the dominance of the Hanseatic League in Northern Europe threatened Scandinavia economically and politically. This led to the forming of the Scandinavian Kalmar Union in 1397,[22] which Sweden left in 1523. When Sweden became involved in the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side, an expansion of its territories began and eventually the Swedish Empire was formed, this became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century.

Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 when Norway was militarily forced into a personal union, which peacefully dissolved in 1905. In 2014, Sweden celebrated 200 years of peace, breaking even Switzerland's record for peace.[23] Sweden maintained an official policy of neutrality during wartime and non-participation in military alliances during peacetime, although Sweden secretly relied on U.S. nuclear submarines during the Cold War.[24] Sweden has since 2008 joined EU battlegroups, provided intelligence to NATO[25] and since 2009 openly moved towards cooperation with NATO. In 2022, Sweden applied for NATO membership and was formally invited to join the alliance at the NATO Summit in Madrid.[26]

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy, with legislative power vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. It is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. It has the world's eleventh-highest per capita income and ranks very highly in quality of life, health, education, protection of civil liberties, economic competitiveness, income equality, gender equality, prosperity and human development.[27][28][29] Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 but rejected Eurozone membership following a referendum. It is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).