Straight_Outta_Compton

<i>Straight Outta Compton</i>

Straight Outta Compton

1988 studio album by N.W.A

For other uses, see Straight Outta Compton (disambiguation).

Straight Outta Compton is the debut studio album by American gangsta rap group N.W.A, which, led by Eazy-E, formed in Los Angeles County's City of Compton in early 1987.[3][4] Released by his label, Ruthless Records, on August 8, 1988,[1] the album was produced by N.W.A members Dr. Dre, DJ Yella, and Arabian Prince, with lyrics written by N.W.A members Ice Cube and MC Ren[5] along with Ruthless rapper The D.O.C.[3] Not merely depicting Compton's street violence, the lyrics repeatedly threaten to lead it by attacking peers and even police. The track "Fuck tha Police" drew an FBI agent's warning letter, which aided N.W.A's notoriety, with N.W.A calling itself "the world's most dangerous group."[3][6][7]

Quick Facts Straight Outta Compton, Studio album by N.W.A ...

In July 1989, despite its scarce radio play beyond the Los Angeles area,[4] Straight Outta Compton received gangsta rap's first platinum certification, one million copies sold by then.[3] That year, the album peaked at number 9 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and at number 37 on the Billboard 200.[8] Receiving media spotlight, N.W.A's example triggered the rap genre's movement toward hardcore, gangsta rap.[9]

Remastered, the album's September 2000 reissue gained four bonus tracks. Nearing the album's 20th anniversary, another extended version of it arrived in December 2007.[10] In 2015, after an album reissue on red cassettes,[11] theater release of the biographical film Straight Outta Compton reinvigorated sales of the album, which by year's end was certified 3x Multi-Platinum.[3] In 2016, it became the first rap album inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[12] The next year, the Library of Congress enshrined Straight Outta Compton in the National Recording Registry, who have deemed it to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[13]

Background

For most of the 1980s, New York City, the birthplace of hip hop,[14] remained the rap genre's dominant scene.[15] Los Angeles County was secondary.[16] Until 1988, the Los Angeles hip hop scene, retaining more of hip hop's dance and party origin, prioritized DJs and DJ crews as the central players in hip hop;[17] the prevailing style at the time was electro rap and "funk hop",[18] similar to the New York-based 1982 hit "Planet Rock".[15] By contrast, East Coast hip hop had moved to prioritizing the lyricist (or "MC") after the success of Run-DMC's self-titled 1984 album.[16]

As the 1980s continued, it became increasingly popular to record lyrics on top of electro rap music. The World Class Wreckin' Cru, which included Dr. Dre and DJ Yella, published the West Coast's first rap album to be released under a major record label.[16] Also among LA's rising lyricists was Ice-T. Inspired by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D's 1985 single "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?"[16][15][19] Ice-T released the track "6 in the Mornin'" in 1986. This song began to pull the Los Angeles scene's attention away from electro rap; it reached gold sales and inaugurated a new rap subgenre, later called "gangsta rap".[16][15]

In 1986, Eric Wright, a Kelly Park Compton Crip, formed Ruthless Records, an independent record label based in Compton.[16] Through drug dealing, Wright had become acquainted with Dr. Dre and Arabian Prince, a pair of locally successful record producers and recording artists who were struggling to receive royalties.[20] Wright recruited the South Central Los Angeles-based rapper Ice Cube, then a member of rap group C.I.A., as a ghostwriter, and instructed him to collaborate with Dr. Dre and write a song for the label. The resulting track was "Boyz-n-the-Hood".[21] This song was originally intended to be performed by a New York-based group who were signed to Ruthless Records; however, after that group rejected the song, Wright adopted the stage name Eazy-E and performed the rapping himself.[18][21] Released under the name N.W.A, "Boyz-n-the-Hood" became a local hit, despite criticism that it sounded similar to Schoolly D's "P.S.K." single, and that its tempo was too slow to dance to.[15]

Expanding upon Ice-T's model, N.W.A imparted to gangsta rap a signature style that featured "exaggerated descriptions of street life, militant resistance to authority, and outright sexist violence".[22] N.W.A further strove to secure radio play by supplying radio edits of their music to local stations such as KDAY.[4] Despite these efforts, N.W.A's national debut, Straight Outta Compton, saw virtually no radio play; even so, the album was hugely successful, selling one million copies and becoming the first gangsta rap album to be certified platinum.[16][23] As rap fans, even from afar, sought more from Compton and South Central,[24] local rappers, like MC Eiht of Compton's Most Wanted, met the call.[25] The Los Angeles rap scene rapidly moved from party rap to hardcore rap.[16]

On the global stage, N.W.A towered as gangsta rap's icons. The group's profane, unrelentingly violent lyrics led to backlash from law enforcement and other groups: an FBI agent sent the record label a warning letter, MTV banned the "Straight Outta Compton" video, some venues banned N.W.A performance, and some police officers refused to work security at N.W.A shows elsewhere.[3][23][26] The controversy served to further bolster N.W.A's anti-establishment image, and so the rappers would highlight it themselves in later tracks.[3][27]

Slant Magazine describes Straight Outta Compton as laying the foundation for the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry, referring to the album as "the West Coast firing on New York's Fort Sumter in what would become '90s culture's biggest Uncivil War."[28]

Record production

The album was recorded and produced in Audio Achievements Studio in Torrance, California for $12,000. Dr. Dre, in a 1993 interview, recalls, "I threw that thing together in six weeks so we could have something to sell out of the trunk.[3]

In an incident recalled in Jerry Heller's book and later portrayed in the film Straight Outta Compton, police approached the group while they were standing outside the studio in the fall of 1987 and demanded them to get on their knees and show ID without explanation. Outraged by the experience, Cube began writing the lyrics that would become "Fuck tha Police."[29] Initially, still spending weekends in jail over traffic violations, Dre was reluctant to do "Fuck tha Police", a reluctance that dissolved once that sentence concluded.[3]

Synthesis

The album's producers were Dr. Dre with DJ Yella and Arabian Prince. Its production was mostly sampled horn blasts, some funk guitar riffs, sampled vocals, and turntable scratches atop a drum machine.[24] Their drum machine, used for kick, was the Roland TR-808.[30]

Vocals

N.W.A's Ice Cube and MC Ren along with Ruthless Records rapper The D.O.C. wrote the lyrics, including those rapped by Eazy-E and by Dr. Dre.[3] On the other hand, DJ Yella never raps, and Arabian Prince does only minor vocals on "Something 2 Dance 2". Otherwise, each group member stands out through a solo rap, too.

MC Ren has two solo tracks, "If It Ain't Ruff" and "Quiet on tha Set". Dr. Dre dominates "Express Yourself". Ice Cube's is "I Ain't tha 1". Eazy-E's is a remix of "8 Ball", a track which originally appeared on N.W.A's 1987 debut compilation album N.W.A. and the Posse. The one guest is The D.O.C., who raps the opening verse of "Parental Discretion Iz Advised".

Whereas Ren wrote his own lyrics, and The D.O.C. wrote many of Eazy's lyrics, Cube wrote his lyrics, and both Dre's and Eazy's as well.[24] Still, even Eazy and Dre, alike Cube and Ren, each brings a distinct delivery and character, making N.W.A altogether stand out from imitators.[24]

Content

Reflecting in 2002, Rolling Stone writer Jon Caramanica calls the album a "bombastic, cacophonous car ride through Los Angeles' burnt-out and ignored hoods".[31] In a contemporary review, rather, Mark Holmberg, in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, calls it "a preacher-provoking, mother-maddening, reality-stinks" album that "wallows in gangs, doping, drive-by shootings, brutal sexism, cop slamming and racism".[32] Newsweek wrote, "Hinting at gang roots, and selling themselves on those hints, they project a gangster mystique that pays no attention to where criminality begins and marketing lets off."[33] Even when depicting severe and unprovoked violence, the rappers cite their own stage names as its very perpetrators. By their sheer force, the album's opening three tracks—"Straight Outta Compton", "Fuck tha Police", and "Gangsta Gangsta"—signature songs setting N.W.A's platform, says AllMusic album reviewer Steve Huey, "threaten to dwarf everything that follows".[24]

First, the title track, smearing and menacing civilians and police, men and women, while women receive gruff sexual advances, too, even threatens to "smother your mother". Then, after a skit of the police put on criminal trial, "Fuck tha Police", alleging chronic harassment and brutality by officers, singularly threatens lethal retaliation. "Gangsta Gangsta" depicts group outings to carouse with women while slurring unwilling women and assaulting men, whether confrontational troublemakers, innocent bystanders, or a driver who, fleeing the failed carjacking, gets shot at. "8 Ball" is dedicated to the 40 oz bottles of malt liquor, Olde English 800.[34] "Express Yourself", written by Cube and rapped by Dre, incidentally scorns weed smoking—already proclaimed by Cube in "Gangsta Gangsta" as his own, chronic practice—which allegedly causes brain damage, a threat to the song's optimistic agenda, liberal individuality. "I Ain't tha 1" scorns spending money on women. "Dopeman" depicts the crack epidemic's aftermath. Closing the album, "Something 2 Dance 2" is upbeat.[3]

The term "gangsta rap", soon to arise in journalism, had not been coined yet.[3] According to Ice Cube, the rappers themselves called it "reality rap".[3] Indicting N.W.A as its leading example, journalist David Mills, in 1990, acknowledges, "The hard-core street rappers defend their violent lyrics as a reflection of 'reality'. But for all the gunshots they mix into their music, rappers rarely try to dramatize that reality" empathetically. "It's easier for them to imagine themselves pulling the trigger."[35] Still, the year before, Bud Norman, reviewing in the Wichita Eagle-Beacon, assesses that on Straight Outta Compton, "they don't make it sound like much fun".[36] In Norman's view, "They describe it with the same nonjudgmental resignation that a Kansan might use about a tornado."[36] Steve Huey, writing for AllMusic, considered that "Straight Outta Compton's insistent claims of reality ring a little hollow today, since it hardly ever depicts consequences. But despite all the romanticized invincibility, the force and detail of Ice Cube's writing makes the exaggerations resonate."[24]

N.W.A's Greatest Hits, released in July 1996, featured six tracks from Straight Outta Compton: "Gangsta Gangsta", "If It Ain't Ruff", "I Ain't tha 1", "Express Yourself", an extended mix of "Straight Outta Compton", and "Fuck tha Police", which is absent from Straight Outta Compton's censored version.[37]

Release

In the United Kingdom, the album was released by 4th & B'way Records after a period that Roy Wilkinson of Sounds described as "months" of selling well as an import release.[38]

Critical reception

Critiques

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Music journalist Greg Kot, reviewing Straight Outta Compton for the Chicago Tribune, finds N.W.A's sound "fuller and funkier" than that of East Coast hip hop, and their lyrics just as "unforgiving" as those of East Coast group Public Enemy.[39] Los Angeles Times critic Dennis Hunt anticipates that listeners may be offended by the album's lack of "moralizing", "even more so than the searing street language", and advises, "To appreciate this remarkable, disturbing album you have to approach it for what it is—a no-holds-barred, audio-documentary of ghetto life."[40] On the other hand, Cary Darling, in California's Orange County Register, while thinking that the lyrics make Ice-T "look like a Cub Scout", ultimately deems Straight Outta Compton "curiously uninvolving", as it "lacks the insight and passion that put the best work by the likes of Boogie Down Productions, Ice-T and Public Enemy so far ahead of the field".[44] Robert Christgau of The Village Voice perceives N.W.A's persona as calculated: "Right, it's not about salary—it's about royalties, about brandishing scarewords like 'street' and 'crazy' and 'fuck' and 'reality' until suckers black and white cough up the cash."[43]

In the UK, Sounds reviewer Roy Wilkinson declared Straight Outta Compton "rap's answer to Slayer's Reign in Blood—a record the majors were scared to touch", continuing, "This is rock made genuinely wild again. Beware, the pop jive of the current 'Express Yourself' single will in no way prepare you for the Magnum beat that fires here."[38] Other British publications were less enthusiastic. Paolo Hewitt of NME takes issue with the lyrics' "macho repetition and tunnel vision",[41] while in the Hi-Fi News & Record Review, Peter Clark, going further, calls the lyrics "unrelenting in their unpleasantness".[45] Offering the lowest possible rating, Clark adds, "The cumulative effect is like listening to an endless fight next door. The music on this record is without a hint of dynamics or melody."[45] Charlie Dick, writing for Q, contends, "In the wake of Public Enemy and KRS-One, it is amazing that something this lightweight could cause such a stir. The all-mouth-and-trousers content is backed up by likable drum machine twittering, minimal instrumentation and duffish production."[42] Still, he predicts, "This regressive nonsense will be passed off as social commentary by thrill-seekers all across the free world."[42]

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By 1991, while criticizing group members for allegedly carrying misogynist lyrics into real life, Newsweek incidentally comments that Straight Outta Compton, nonetheless, "introduced some of the most grotesquely exciting music ever made".[33] Writing in retrospect, Steve Huey, in AllMusic, deems the album mainly just "raising hell" while posturing, but finds that "it still sounds refreshingly uncalculated because of its irreverent, gonzo sense of humor, still unfortunately rare in hardcore rap".[24] In the 2004 Rolling Stone Album Guide, Roni Sarig states that although Straight Outta Compton was viewed as a "perversion" of the "more politically sophisticated" style of hip hop exemplified by Public Enemy, the album displays "a more righteous fury than the hundreds of copycats it spawned".[50]

Rankings

In 1994, British magazine Hip Hop Connection, placing the album third among rap's best albums, adds, "Straight Outta Compton sounded so exciting, insignificant details such as realism and integrity could be overlooked."[54] Hip hop magazine The Source included Straight Outta Compton in its 1998 "100 Best Albums" list.[55] Television network VH1, in 2003, placed it 62nd.[56] Spin magazine, sorting the "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005", identified it 10th.[57]

The first rap album ever to gain five stars from Rolling Stone at initial review, it placed 70th among the magazine's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in its 2020 revised list.[58] Time, in 2006, named it one of the 100 greatest albums of all time.[59] Vibe appraised it as one of the 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century.[60] In 2012, Slant Magazine listed it 18th among the "Best Albums of the 1980s".[28] In any case, in November 2016, Straight Outta Compton became the first rap album inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[12] In 2017, Straight Outta Compton was selected for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress, who deemed it to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[61]

Commercial performance

N.W.A's best selling album, Straight Outta Compton, released in August 1988, attained gold certification, half a million copies sold, on April 13, 1989.[62] Meanwhile, the album peaked at number 9 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and on April 15, 1989, at number 37 on the Billboard 200, which ranks the week's most popular albums.[8][63] On July 18, 1989, the album was certified platinum, one million copies sold.[62]

By contrast, N.W.A. and the Posse, out since November 1987, reached gold certification in September 1994.[64] The group's 100 Miles and Runnin' EP, which took two years to produce and was released in August 1990, went platinum in September 1992.[65] That year, on March 27, Straight Outta Compton was certified double-platinum, two million copies sold.[62]

By Priority Records' estimation, about 80% of Straight Outta Compton's sales occurred in suburban areas predominantly white.[66][67] N.W.A's next and final full-length album, Efil4zaggin or Niggaz4Life, released in late May 1991, went platinum just over two months later, in August 1991, yet in 2020 remains platinum,[68] whereas on November 11, 2015, Straight Outta Compton was certified triple-platinum, three million copies sold.[62]

Approaching the August 2015 release of the film Straight Outta Compton, the album reentered the Billboard 200 at number 173.[69] The next week, it rose to number 97, another week later reached number 30[69]—beyond its 1989 peak position of #37—and on September 5 peaked at number 6.[70] Meanwhile, the album's title track, entering the popular songs chart, the Billboard Hot 100, becoming N.W.A's first song in the Top 40,[71] spent two weeks at number 38.[72]

Media presence

In 2004, the DigitaArts list 25 Best Albums Covers included Straight Outta Compton.[73] By the album's release, Arabian Prince, on the cover, had left N.W.A. Lacking him, an iconic group photo taken by Ithaka Darin Pappas on November 11, 1988, at Pappa's studio apartment in Los Angeles' Miracle Mile district, has been repeatedly republished in media,[74] including The Source's May 1989 cover, captioning, "California Rap Hits Nationwide!" Pappas calls it the "Miracle Mile Shot",[75] the DVD cover of the 2015 documentary Kings Of Compton,[76][77] in France's Musée d'art contemporain de Marseille from 2017 to 2018,[78][79] and a backdrop at N.W.A's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony in 2016 in Brooklyn, New York.[80]

Sinéad O'Connor, then herself controversial, appraised in 1990 that "It's definitely the best rap record I've ever heard".[81] But, feeling that he had rushed its production, N.W.A's own Dr. Dre, in a 1993 interview, remarked, "To this day, I can't stand that album. I threw that thing together in six weeks so we could have something to sell out of the trunk.” Additionally, he said, “Back then, I thought the choruses were supposed to just be me scratching.”[3] In 2006, parodic music artist "Weird Al" Yankovic released a new album, Straight Outta Lynwood. Punk rock band NOFX released the 2009 song "Straight Outta Massachusetts". In the 2014 film 22 Jump Street, the character Mrs. Dickson, whose husband is played by Ice Cube, says she's "straight outta Compton".[82] In 2015, the biopic Straight Outta Compton was a hit film.[83]

Track listing

All songs produced by Dr. Dre and DJ Yella & Arabian Prince

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Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal[87] and All Music.[24]

N.W.A.
  • Eazy-E – rapping (tracks 1-3, 5, 6, 9, 11-13), spoken word (tracks 1-3, 10 and 12) co-producer (track 6), executive producer
  • Ice Cube – rapping (tracks 1-3, 5, 10 & 11), spoken word (tracks 2 and 8)
  • MC Ren – rapping (tracks 1-5, 7, 9, 12), spoken word (tracks 2, 3, 7 and 9)
  • Dr. Dre – rapping (tracks 5, 7-9, 11 & 13), spoken word (tracks 1-3, 7, 8 and 9) keyboards and drum programming (all tracks)
  • DJ Yella – sampling, turntables and drum programming (all tracks)
  • Arabian Prince – rapping (track 13), keyboards & drum programming (1, 3, 7, 9 and 13)
Additional musicians
  • The D.O.C. – rapping (track 5), spoken word (track 2), lyrics (tracks 1, 2 & 5)
  • Krazy Dee – spoken word (tracks 3 and 11)
Studio Personnel
  • Big Bass Brian – mastering
  • Donovan Sound – engineer
  • Eric Poppleton – photography
  • Helane Freeman – art direction

Charts

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Certifications

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See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    Kory Grow (August 8, 2018). "N.W.A's 'Straight Outta Compton': 12 Things You Didn't Know". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone, LLC. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  2. [2]
    "Straight Outta Compton – N.W.A – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic.
  3. [3]
    Kory Grow, "N.W.A's 'Straight Outta Compton': 12 things you didn't know", Rolling Stone website, Penske Business Media, LLC, 8 Aug 2018.
  4. [4]
    David Diallo, ch. 10 "From electro-rap to G-funk: A social history of rap music in Los Angeles and Compton, California", in Mickey Hess, ed., Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide, Volume 1: East Coast and West Coast (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2010), pp 234–238.
  5. [5]
    Incidentally, this 1988 album is N.W.A's last album with contributions by Arabian Prince, already gone by its August release, and by Ice Cube, gone by 1990. Both, however, are on N.W.A's 1987 compilation album, N.W.A. and the Posse—sometimes recognized as N.W.A's first album—whereas at the Posse album's release, MC Ren may not have yet joined N.W.A's roster. That is despite MC Ren's appearance, among several others, in the Posse album's cover photo [Martin Cizmar, "Whatever happened to N.W.A's posse?", LA Weekly, 6 May 2010]. In any case, by N.W.A's next significant release, a 1990 EP, 100 Miles and Runnin', the group is four—Eazy, Dre, Yella, and Ren—also on the next and final album, 1991's Efil4zaggin or Niggaz4Life.
  6. [6]
    Musician (Amordian Press), 1991, volume 147, p 59.
  7. [7]
    McDermott, Terry (April 14, 2002). "NWA:Straight Outta Compton pt 1". Los Angeles Times. Reprinted at Hip Hop News. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  8. [8]
    "Tenth Ruthless anniversary: For the record", Billboard, 1997 Aug 9;109(32):R-16.
  9. [9]
    Jeff Chang, Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005), pp. 327–328.
  10. [10]
    Omar Burgess (October 10, 2007). "HHDX News Bits: NWA and Eazy-E". HipHopDX. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
  11. [11]
    Universal Music Group announced that it would reissue the album as a limited-edition red cassette on April 15 as part of Universal's Respect the Classics series [Pietro Fililpponi, "Universal announces more N.W.A re-releases, 'Straight Outta Compton' cassette tape, Friday 20th anniversary vinyl", Gotham News website, Gotham News LLC, 2 Apr 2015].
  12. [12]
    "Grammy Hall of Fame Adds 25 Recordings". grammy.com. The Recording Academy. 2016. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. [13]
    "National Recording Registry Picks Are 'Over the Rainbow'". Library of Congress. March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  14. [14]
    Wayne Marshall, "Kool Herc," in Mickey Hess, ed., Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture, Volume 1 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), pp 6–7.
  15. [15]
    Loren Kajikawa, "Compton via New York", Sounding Race in Rap Songs (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), pp 91–96.
  16. [16]
    David Diallo, ch. 10 "From electro-rap to G-funk: A social history of rap music in Los Angeles and Compton, California", in Mickey Hess, ed., Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide, Volume 1: East Coast and West Coast (Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press, 2010), with pp 228–231 on Ice-T, p 233 and following on World Class Wreckin' Cru', pp 234–238 on N.W.A, and otherwise backstory on their precursor, contemporary, and evolving rap scene in the Los Angeles area.
  17. [17]
    There were, for example, Egyptian Lover, down with Uncle Jamm's Army, and The Unknown DJ, down with the World Class Wreckin' Cru.
  18. [18]
    David Diallo, "Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg", in Mickey Hess, ed., Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2007), pp 319–321.
  19. [19]
    In the song, Schoolly D raps, "Park Side Killers is making that green / One by one, I'm knocking 'em out" Tom Moon, "The first great gangsta rap record: Straight Outta Compton: N.W.A", 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), p 557.
  20. [20]
    Vlad Lyubovny, interviewer, "Arabian Prince on being founding member of NWA w/ Dre & Eazy-E", VladTV–DJVlad @ YouTube, 11 Sep 2015.
  21. [21]
    Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "N.W.A: Biography", AllMusic.com, Netaktion LLC, visited 26 Apr 2020.
  22. [22]
    Robin D. G. Kelley, "Kickin' reality, kickin' ballistics: Gangsta rap and postindustrial Los Angeles", in William Eric Perkins, ed., Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), p 128.
  23. [23]
    Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "N.W.A: Biography", AllMusic.com, Netaktion LLC, visited 25 Apr 2020.
  24. [24]
    Huey, Steve. "Straight Outta Compton – N.W.A". AllMusic. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  25. [25]
    Jason Birchmeier, "Compton's Most Wanted", in Chris Woodstra, John Bush & Stephen Thomas Erlewine, eds., All Music Guide: Required Listening, Volum 2: Old School Rap and Hip-Hop (New York, NY: Backbeat Books, 2008), p 15.
  26. [26]
    Eazy-E Timeline. Eazy-E.com. Accessed October 4, 2007
  27. [27]
    In N.W.A's 1990 single "100 Miles and Runnin'", the title track of the group's only nationally distributed EP whose music video shows the rappers running from police, Dre raps that "now the FBI is all over my dick!" [MetroLyrics, "N.W.A—100 Miles And Running lyrics", CBS Interactive Inc., 2020]. And in the title track of his 1990 or debut solo album, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, Ice Cube raps, "With a pay-off, cop gotta lay off / FBI on my dick, stay off" [MetroLyrics, "Ice Cube—Amerikkka's Most Wanted lyrics", CBS Interactive Inc., 2020].
  28. [28]
    "The 100 Best Albums of the 1980s". Slant. March 5, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  29. [29]
    Westhoff, Ben (2016). Original Gangstas: The Untold Story of Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Tupac Shakur, and the Birth of West Coast Rap. Hachette Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-3163-8389-9.
  30. [30]
    George Ciccariello-Maher, "The 808", in Mickey Hess, ed., Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture, Volume 1 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), p 75.
  31. [31]
    Caramanica, Jon (October 17, 2002). "Straight Outta Compton (Reissue)". Rolling Stone. No. 907. New York. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
  32. [32]
    Richmond Times-Dispatch, 30 June 1989, quoted in Anne Janette Johnson, "Contemporary Musicians: N.W.A.", Encyclopedia.com, Cengage, updated 1 April 2020.
  33. [33]
    Newsweek staff, "Number one with a bullet", Newsweek, 30 Jun 1991, quoted in Anne Janette Johnson, "Contemporary Musicians: N.W.A.", Encyclopedia.com, Cengage, updated 1 Apr 2020.
  34. [34]
    Tim Scott, "40oz beats: A brief history of malt liquor in hip hop", Vice, 17 November 2015.
  35. [35]
    David Mills, "Rap's hostile fringe: From N.W.A. and others, 'reality'-based violence", Washington Post, 2 September 1990, G1, quoted by Soren Baker, The History of Rap and Hip-Hop (Farmingham Mills, Michigan: Lucent Books, 2012), p 58, and also cited by Loren Kajikawa, Sounding Race in Rap Songs (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2015), p 169.
  36. [36]
    Wichita Eagle-Beacon, 3 August 1989, quoted in Anne Janette Johnson, "Contemporary Musicians: N.W.A.", Encyclopedia.com, Cengage, updated 1 April 2020.
  37. [37]
    "Straight Outta Compton Clean Version". Artist Direct. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  38. [38]
    Wilkinson, Roy (September 9, 1989). "Guns and girls and rap 'n' roll". Sounds. London. Retrieved October 29, 2021 – via Rock's Backpages.
  39. [39]
    Kot, Greg (July 13, 1989). "N.W.A.: Straight Outta Compton (Ruthless/Priority)". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  40. [40]
    Hunt, Dennis (March 19, 1989). "N.W.A. 'Straight Outta Compton.' Priority/Ruthless". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  41. [41]
    Hewitt, Paolo (April 15, 1989). "NWA: Straight Outta Compton". NME. London. p. 34.
  42. [42]
    Dick, Charlie (November 1989). "N.W.A: Straight Outta Compton". Q. No. 38. London.
  43. [43]
    Christgau, Robert (April 25, 1989). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  44. [44]
    Darling, Cary (March 3, 1989). "Fine Young Cannibals dish out an underdone album". The Orange County Register.
  45. [45]
    Hi-Fi News & Record Review, Dec 1989.
  46. [46]
    Mao, Chairman (October 2002). "Mad as F#@%". Blender. Vol. 1, no. 10. New York. p. 142. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  47. [47]
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