Sepik_Hills_languages
Sepik Hill languages
Sepik language branch of Papua New Guinea
The Sepik Hill languages form the largest and most ramified branch of the Sepik languages of northern Papua New Guinea. They are spoken along the southern margin of the Sepik floodplain in the foothills of Central Range of south-central East Sepik Province.
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Sepik Hill | |
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Geographic distribution | Sepik Hills, south-central East Sepik Province, in the Sepik River basin of Papua New Guinea |
Linguistic classification | Sepik
|
Glottolog | sepi1258 |
The Sepik languages as classified by Foley (2018). The Sepik Hill languages are in green. |
The languages according to Usher (2020) are,[1]
- Sepik Hills
- Saniyo-Hiyewe
- Southwest Sepik Hills: Niksek (Paka, Gabiano), Piame, Hewa
- Bahinemo–Berinomo
- East Sepik Hills (Alamblak etc.)
The languages according to Foley (2018) are:[2]
- Sepik Hill
- Eastern (Alamblak etc.)
- Central (Bahinemo etc.)
- Western: Saniyo-Hiyewe, Paka (Setiali), Gabiano (Niksek), Piame, Bikaru,[clarification needed] Umairof, Hewa
Other than disagreement at to what is a language or a dialect (Glottolog, for example, concludes that the 'Bikaru' language is probably spurious, and doesn't list Umairof at all), the only difference from Usher is in combining Sanio with the Southwest Sepik Hills languages as a Western branch.
Pronouns in Sepik Hill languages:[2]
pronoun | Sare | Alamblak | Saniyo-Hiyewe |
---|---|---|---|
1sg | an | na | ane |
2sg | nɨ | ni | ne |
3sg.m | rɨ | rər | rei |
3sg.f | sɨ | rət | |
1du | nond | nə | noto-(si) |
2du | fin | nifɨn | fene-si |
3du | fɨ | rəf | rowe-si |
1pl | nom | nəm | nomo |
2pl | mɨ | nikə(m) | fene |
3pl | rom | rəm | rowe |
The following basic vocabulary words are from Davies & Comrie (1985),[3] Dye et al. (1968),[4] Foley (2005),[5] Macdonald (1973),[6] and various SIL field notes, as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[7]
Language | Alamblak | Bahinemo | Berinomo | Bisis | Kapriman | Bikaru | Saniyo-Hiyewe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
head | mʌbogath; mɛ̈ƀɨǥatʰ | thu | tu tɛpi | tuʔus | toɣo | ʔambu; yowidi 'hɔřise | tu; worɛ siyaʔi |
hair | tʰɨ'maʀ̌č; tʌmarts; tʰɨ'maʀ̌š | thunʌba | to towa; tu sowa | tuam | tuwam | nɨmbɨ; yowididise | mato towe; tutowe |
ear | yimbɣindang; yɩmbɨǥin'daŋgɨtʰ; yɩmbʌlindangʌm | bʌsiya | pɛnɛhax | wanbatal | womblaja | haři; waʔaʌ | apahɛ; apaniyɛ |
eye | ɲinga; 'ɲiŋgaʀ̥̥̌; ningaw | niya | niya | nika | nikha | mɨn 'taʔamɨ; tařa | nihe; nihɛ |
nose | 'hʰušɨ ɨtʰ; khusɩmʌth; 'kʰučɨmɨtʰ; kusm | sɛkʌnɩ | ɛrɛm | sikʌľap̶ar | singova | taʔama; towi | ɛrɛme; ɛrɛmɛ |
tooth | bɩ'čɛ̈tʰ; biʃə; bɩ'šɛ̈tʰ; bɩsʌm | pi | pi | binikam | bim | ne; nɨmbi | pi |
tongue | tor; torkh; 'tʰoʀ̥̌tʰ | thɔlu | tor | toguʌl | thʌdɩs | ketasi; tɨgalɨ | sořowɛ; soruwɛ |
leg | wʌlat; 'wɷ'řatʰ; wura | lowa | rowa hɛna | wɛlis | wola | lowe; rowɛ | |
louse | nəm; 'nɛ̈mɨtʰ; nʌmo | nʌmu | tu nɛm | ninis | nʌmɩs | aƀʌkʰ; lema | nɛmɛ |
dog | yauʀ̥̌ʸ; yawi; yawu | yo | yao | yau | yom | waʔšɨ; waʔšʌ; wina | yo; you |
pig | 'ᵽɛ̈gɨʀ̥̌; fagʌr; fəɣ | fa | hɛ | p̶oʔol | fʌɣr | fe | |
bird | nongwar; 'nugwaʀ̥̌ | wabo | uro | nuŋgař | yerɛpm | heka; namʷio; waʔaƀi | iřowɛ; iruwɛ |
egg | fɣa; fokam; ᵽo'ǥat | wabo mu | uro wɛka | nuŋgwawobom | yuɣwar | heře akia; mbandung | hotɛ |
blood | khukhupam; kɨ'kʰupʰam | mahələ | marɛ hax | kukwem | kokwem | gugubase | fisa'i; fisaʔi |
bone | thʌphim; tɨ'pɩʀ̥̌; tɨpi | hʌbi | sɛtsɛpi | sɩbɩkʰam | sibevam | hɔři | paʔaře; pa'arɛ |
skin | tʰɨ'ǥatʰ; thʌkhath | thʌbi | tepi | tibi | thʌgas | ha'baisi; nbangɨ | tahɛ |
breast | mingam; miŋatʰ; niŋgam | mosu | mok | minika | mʌnikha | ařu'se:; muña | mo'u; moʔu |
tree | mᵼč; mim; mᵼš; mɨy | mi | mɛ | mom | mə | mi; sia | me; mɛ |
man | yima; 'yi'maʀ̥̌ | 'ɩma | muwɛ pɛhɛnɛ | nimař | wiyak | ntu; wɔbi | mɛni; mitaru |
woman | 'metɨtʰ7; metum | swani | mesan | toʔanʌs | toɣwan | taʔagwa; wita | taunɛ; tawnɛ |
sun | mar; 'mařɨʀ̥̌ | tɩniya | teniya | maľɛľɛl | yɛneza | ñʌ; yaki | poɔyuɛ; poweyɛ |
moon | yam; 'yamɨtʰ; yamʌth | yamal | nop | yaguso | yagos | babume; mpaʔopmu | yamɛ; yamɛ' |
water | bukbam; 'bupʰam; bu-pam | hagi | saʔ | sagim | sagim | eipa; ngu | sa'i; saʔi |
fire | kaɣ; kʰaǥɨtʰ; khaxth | ya | itai | yoʔoy | moyos | ʔiya; sea | yɛhɛ |
stone | š; taxim | ba | pa | obak | obar | hana; tumbu | tapiyɛ |
road, path | yɨ'ǥotʸoǥatʰ | yo | ʔatʰoř | yaʔambu; yəřo; yəto | |||
name | 'yuƀatʰ; yufa; yufat | wufa | wiyapa | ovas | yapɛ | ||
eat | fa; ka; 'kʰaɛ̈ʀ̥̌; weyanum; ye | diyaw | bʌľia̠s | asoliya | ʔagʌnʌ | aiyei; asiyʌ | |
one | rɛphar; rpa; řɨpʰatʰ | dʌbatha | tɛpa | tabak | dɩbar | kɨtʌkʰ; yoko habia | hɛta'i; taʔi |
two | hutsif; xočiᵽ; 'xošɩᵽ | husi | howis | wɩtɩp | kothi | ƀɩtik; yoko labo | hɛsi |
- Sepik Hills, NewGuineaWorld
- Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Davies, J. and Comrie, B. "A linguistic survey of the Upper Yuat". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 22. A-63:275-312. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. doi:10.15144/PL-A63.275
- Dye W., Townsend, P., & Townsend, W. 1968. The Sepik Hill Languages: A preliminary report. Oceania 39: 146-156.
- Foley, W.A. "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Pawley, A., Attenborough, R., Golson, J. and Hide, R. editors, Papuan Pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. PL-572:109-144. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2005.
- Macdonald, G.E. "The Teberan Language Family". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:111-148. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.111
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.