Salumã
Enawene Nawe language
Arawakan language of Brazil
Enawene Nawe (Enawené-Nawé, Enawenê-Nawê, Eneuene-Mare), also known as Salumã, is an Arawakan language of Brazil spoken by about 570 people living in the Juruena River basin area, and more specifically along the Iquê river in the state of Mato Grosso.
| Enawene Nawe | |
|---|---|
| Salumã | |
| Region | Mato Grosso, Brazil |
| Ethnicity | Enawene Nawe people |
Native speakers | 570 (2014)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | unk |
| Glottolog | enaw1238 |
| ELP | Enawené-Nawé |
Aikhenvald (1999) classifies Enawene Nawe as a South Arawak language together with Terena, Lapachu and Moxo.[1] However, more recent works by both Fabre (2005) and Brandão & Facundes (2007) consider the language to form a subgroup with Paresi in the Paresi–Xingu branch of Arawakan languages.[1]
| Person | Paresi | Enawene Nawe |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG | natyo | nato |
| 2SG | hitso | hixo |
| 3SG | eze | ere |
| 1PL | witso | wixo |
| 2PL | xitso | dexo |
| 3PL | ezenae | erenaha |
| Number | Paresi | Enawene Nawe |
|---|---|---|
| one | hatita | xoxola |
| two | hinama | initini |
| three | hanama | koytala |
| four | zalakakoa | noxi |
| Word | Paresi | Enawene Nawe |
|---|---|---|
| to fall | ezoa | edoa |
| itch | mare, mali | wera |
| drink | era, tera | wesera |
| corn | kozeto | korito |
| eye | zotse | edose |
| house | hati, hana | hakolo |
| vulture | oloho | olohõ |
| night | maka | mikya |
| stone | tsehali | sairi |
| uncle | koko | kokore |
| sour | katyala | katala |
| basket | koho | tohe |
| bathe | koaha | nakohã |
| arrive | kaoka | takwa |
Consonants
Enawene Nawe is described by Zorthêa (2006) as having 15 contrastive consonants.[3]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | kʷ ⟨kw⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | kʲ ⟨ky⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | |
| voiced | d ⟨d⟩ | |||||
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | |||
| Flap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |||
| Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | |||
Among these, the following allophonic variations are reported:[3][4]
| Type | Examples | |
|---|---|---|
| ⟨w⟩ | varies between [w] and [b] in word-initial position before the front vowels /e/ and /i/ |
|
| ⟨m⟩ | varies between [m] and [w] |
|
| ⟨d⟩ | varies between [d], [s], [ɾ] and [l] |
|
| ⟨r⟩ | varies between [ɾ] and [l] |
|
| ⟨k⟩ | varies between [k] and [g] between vowels | ⟨nawenekota⟩ "I think": [nawenekota~nawenegota] |
| ⟨ky⟩ | varies between [kʲ] and [gʲ] between vowels | |
| ⟨t⟩ | varies between [t] and [d] between vowels |
|
Vowels
Enawene Nawe is described by Zorthêa (2006) as having 4 oral vowels and 4 nasal vowels.[3]
Pronouns
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | nato | wixo |
| 2nd | hixo | dexo |
| 3rd | ere | erenaha |
Numerals
The first eleven numbers in Enawene Nawe are as follows:[3]
| Number | Enawene Nawe |
|---|---|
| 1 | xoxola |
| 2 | initini |
| 3 | koytala |
| 4 | noxi |
| 5 | monarese,
eswe |
| 6 | lolokwate |
| 7 | lolate |
| 8 | hoxiro |
| 9 | mamalakari |
| 10 | ketera |
| 11 | darayti |
Zorthêa (2006) notes that all numbers except initini (2) and monarese (5) can be preceded and followed by affixes.[3]
Affixes
Enawene Nawe makes use of a variety of suffixes and prefixes to derive different meanings from root words.
Gender suffixes
Zorthêa (2006) describes Enawene Nawe as having two suffixes to explicitly mark gender: -lo for the feminine gender and -re for the masculine.[3] De Almeida (2015), however, notes four suffixes: -nero and -lo mark the feminine gender, while -nere and -li mark the masculine.[4]
Examples from de Almeida (2015):[4]
- Towalinero "a Towali woman"
- Towalinere "a Towali man"
- Iyakaloti "a female spirit"
- Iyakaliti "a male spirit"
Place suffix
The suffix -kwa is used to mark places and is commonly found in village names. For example, the name of the Enawene Nawe village Matokodakwa is ultimately derived from matokoda, meaning "container for transporting liquids", and -kwa "place".[4]
- Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2014). "A reference grammar of Paresi-Haliti (Arawak)" (PDF). pp. 6–7. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
- Brandão, Ana Paula Barros (2018). "A documentação participativa: o caso das línguas Paresi-Haliti e Enawene Nawe" [The participatory documentation: the case of the Paresi-Haliti and Enawene Nawe languages] (in Portuguese). p. 101. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
- Zorthêa, Kátia Silene (2006). "Daraiti Ahã: Escrita alfabética entre os Enawene Nawe" [Daraiti Ahã: Alphabetical writing among Enawene Nawe] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
- de Almeida, Juliana (2015). "Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Diferença e convivialidade na gestão sociopolítica do cosmos" [Enawene-Nawe Wixo: Difference and user-friendliness in the socio-political management of the cosmos] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Universidade federal do Amazonas. Retrieved 2021-01-21.