Proto-Northern_Adelbert
The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a family of twenty languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains directly opposite Karkar Island, as opposed to the Southern Adelbert languages, another branch of Madang.
| Northern Adelbert | |
|---|---|
| Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait Pihom–Isumrud | |
| Geographic distribution | Adelbert Range, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Northeast New Guinea?
|
| Glottolog | grea1298 (Greater Northern Adelbert) croi1234 (Croisilles) |
Malcolm Ross posited a "linkage" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the Mabuso languages, and named this group Croisilles /krɔɪˈsɪlz/,[1] as the two families bracket Cape Croisilles (Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.
There are approximately 20 Northern Adelbert languages.
Below is a comparison of Northern Adelbert language names in Pick (2020)[2] and Z'graggen (1980).[3] A few alternate names from Capell (1952) are also given.[4]
| Pick (2020) | Z'graggen (1980) | ISO 639-3 |
|---|---|---|
| Amako | Korak | koz |
| Barem | Bunabun (Z'graggen 1980), Bunubun (Capell 1952) | buq |
| Bargam | Mugil | mlp |
| Bepour | Bepour | bie |
| Gavak | Dimir | dmc |
| Hember Avu | Musar (Z'graggen 1980), Amben (Petir et al 1996[5]), Vanembere (Capell 1952) | mmi |
| Karian | Bilakura | bql |
| Kobol | Koguman | kgu |
| Kowaki | Kowaki | xow |
| Maia | Pila, Saki | sks |
| Maiani | Tani | tnh |
| Mala | Pay | ped |
| Miani | Tani (Z'graggen 1980), Banar (Capell 1952) | pla |
| Manep | Malas | mkr |
| Mauwake | Ulingan | mhl |
| Mawak | Mawak | mjj |
| Moere | Moere | mvq |
| Mokati | Wanambre | wnb |
| Pal | Abasakur | abw |
| Pamosu | Hinihon | hih |
| Parawen | Parawen | prw |
| Ukuriguma | Ukuriguma | ukg |
| Usan | Wanuma | wnu |
| Waskia | Waskia | wsk |
| Yaben | Yaben | ybm |
| Yarawata | Yarawata | yrw |
Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a linkage. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017, 2020) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.
Usher (2020)
Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.[6]
- Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
- Kowan (Isumrud Strait): Waskia, Korak (Amako)
- (North) Adelbert Range
- Yamben
- Omosan (Omosa River): Pal (Abasakur), Kobol (Koguman)
- Gilagil River (old Isumrud proper)
- Northwest Adelbert Range (Mount Pihom)
- Kaukombar River: Mala (Pay), Miani (Maiani, Tani), Maia (Pila, Saki)
- Kumil–Timper
- Kumil River: Bepour, Mauwake (Ulingan), Moere
- Tiboran River (Timper River): Musar; Wanambre; Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu (Hinihon)
- Mabulap–Numugen
- Amaimon (Mabulap) isolate
- Numugen River (see)
Pick (2020)
Below is Andrew Pick's (2020) classification of the Northern Adelbert languages.[2]: 14
- Northern Adelbert languages
Pick (2017)
A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).[1] Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family.
Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.
| Proto-Northern Adelbert | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Northern Adelbert languages |
A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert has been proposed by Pick (2020).[2]
Phonology
Pick (2020) reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Northern Adelbert as:[2]
| labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unvoiced stops | *p | *t | *k | |
| voiced stops | *b | *d | *g | |
| nasals | *m | *n | *ŋ | |
| fricatives | *s | |||
| laterals | *l | |||
| rhotics | *r | |||
| glides | *w | *y |
Four vowels are reconstructed by Pick (2020): *a, *e, *i, *u. Although Northern Adelbert languages usually have the five vowels /a e i o u/, Pick (2020) does not consider *o to be reconstructable.
Pronouns
The Proto-Northern Adelbert pronouns are:[2]: 471
| SG | PL | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ye | *yin |
| 2 | *ne | *nin |
| 3 | *we | *win |
Lexicon
Selected lexical reconstructions from Pick (2020) are listed below.
| gloss | Proto-Northern Adelbert |
|---|---|
| ant | *mudir |
| ant sp. | *susur |
| bird | *muga(n/ŋ) |
| bird | *nebek |
| centipede | *wisir |
| chicken | *teteri |
| crayfish | *areker |
| crocodile | *tuar |
| eel | *melik |
| fly (insect) | *kuduruk |
| flying fox | *kepak |
| flying fox | *malabuŋ |
| frog | *idik |
| grasshopper | *takaw |
| grasshopper | *usa |
| hornbill | *baram |
| leech | *udir(a/e)m |
| louse | *gun |
| mosquito | *kasin |
| night bird | *mum |
| night bird of prey | *kilal |
| palm cockatoo | *k(a/e)kawin |
| pig | *buruk |
| pig, marsupial game animal | *wa |
| pitpit | *pia |
| snake | *duag |
| sunfly | *sisimur |
| Victoria crowned pigeon | *maur |
| gloss | Proto-Northern Adelbert |
|---|---|
| aibika greens | *iruar |
| aibika greens | *maiw |
| bamboo | *bik |
| banana | *kudi |
| betel pepper vine | *kupi |
| breadfruit | *kidar |
| coconut | *keta |
| firefly | *magam |
| mango | *pai |
| mushroom | *mutar |
| sago | *kamar |
| stinging nettle (Tok Pisin: salat) | *k(u/a)bum |
| sugarcane | *kai |
| taro | *mam |
| tree | *ŋam |
| tree sp. (Tok Pisin: mangas) | *teber |
| tulip tree | *kuari |
| type of greens | *muduru |
| gloss | Proto-Northern Adelbert |
|---|---|
| adze/axe | *ben |
| bow | *kemi |
| canoe | *wag |
| hand drum | *wag |
| house post | *bugaŋ |
| kundu drum | *kibem |
| loincloth | *siruw |
| platform, bed | *badim |
| signal drum, ironwood tree | *baner |
| spear | *uyaw |
| village | *kuaw |
Comparisons
Below is a list of Proto-Northern Adelbert forms that are descended from Proto-Trans–New Guinea.[2]: 470
| gloss | Proto-Northern Adelbert | Proto-Trans–New Guinea |
|---|---|---|
| arm, hand | *waben | *mbena |
| older brother | *bab | *[mb]amba |
| blood | *ked | *ke(nj,s)a |
| heart | *gemaŋ | *kamu |
| neck, nape | *kumaŋ | *kuma(n, ŋ) |
| mosquito | *kasin | *kasin |
| die | *um- | *kumV- |
| sleep | *in- | *kin(i,u)[m]- |
| know, hear, see | *ag- 'see' | *nVŋg- |
| NEG | *me (+verb) | *ma- (+verb) |
| water | *yag | *ok[V] |
| leaf | *tak | *sasak |
- Pick, Andrew (2017). "A Reconstruction of Proto-Croiselles Phonology and Lexicon". 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics. San Antonio, Texas, US. (video)
- Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
- Z'graggen, J.A. A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. D-31, xvi + 194 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. doi:10.15144/PL-D31
- Capell, Arthur. 1952. Languages of the Bogia District, New Guinea. Oceania 22(2), 130-147; 22(3), 178-207.
- Petir, Amova, Dum Materem, Pakong Yapong, Sakel Mukarek, Moyang Okira, & Tim Platts-Mills. 1996. Useful Plants of Salembem Village, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Madang: Kristen Pres.
- Usher, Timothy. 2020. Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait (NewGuineaWorld)
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Croisilles. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Mabuso. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-North-Adelbert. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Isumrud. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Pihom. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Tibor-Omosa. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kaukombar. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kumil. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Numugen. TransNewGuinea.org.