President's_rule_(India)
President's rule
Indian law of suspension of state government
"Direct rule in India" redirects here. For direct rule over India in the colonial period, see British Raj.
In India, President's (or Governor’s) rule is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct Union government rule in a state. Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India, if a state government is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of the state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed governor, who has the authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired civil servants not native to the state.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2023) |
When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha). The council is led by the chief minister, who is the chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, later on vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either prorogued or dissolved, necessitating a new election.
Prior to 2019, the constitution of the state of Jammu and Kashmir had a similar system of Governor's rule, under its Section 92. The state's governor issued a proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the President of India allowing Governor's rule for a period of up to six months after which President's rule under Article 356 of the Constitution of India can be imposed. After the revocation of Article 370, President's rule applies to Jammu and Kashmir under section 73 (since Article 356 of Constitution of India does not apply to union territories) of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.
Following the 1994 landmark judgment in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.
Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where the President's rule has never been imposed so far.[1]
In practice, President's rule has been imposed in a State under any one of the following different circumstances:
- A state Assembly is unable to elect a leader as Chief Minister for a time prescribed by the Governor of that State, at the Will of Governor.
- Breakdown of a coalition leading to the Chief Minister not having majority support in the Assembly; and the Chief minister fails/will definitely fail to prove otherwise, within a time prescribed by the Governor of that state.
- Loss of majority in the Assembly due to a vote of no-confidence in the house.
- Elections postponed for unavoidable reasons like war, epidemic, pandemic or natural disasters.
- On the report of the Governor of the State that the State's constitutional machinery or legislature fails to abide by Constitutional norms.
If approved by both Houses, President's rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months to maximum period of 2 years; however it can be extended repeatedly if the Election Commission of India recommends that elections are not possible. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the new Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's rule in a state. According to this provision, the president's rule can only be extended over a year, for 6 months, under the following conditions:
- There is already a national emergency throughout India, or in the whole or any part of the state.
- The Election Commission certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the state.
President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need Parliament's approval.
Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through the abuse of authority of Governors who were in collusion with the Union government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 established a precedent in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, due to which such abuse has been drastically reduced.
Article 356 is not applicable to Union territories, so there are many ways by which President's rule can be imposed in different Union territories with a Legislative Assembly.
Jammu and Kashmir
Until the revocation of Article 370 and bifurcation into two Union territories, President's rule applied after the application of Governor's rule for 6 months.
After the revocation and bifurcation, the reorganized Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is subject to the section 73 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019, which is used to impose President's rule as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories. The provision states:
73. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, or otherwise, is satisfied,—
(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or
(b) that for the proper administration of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir it is necessary or expedient so to do,
the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and makes such incidental and consequential provisions as
may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
Delhi
In NCT of Delhi, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 239AB of the Constitution of India (as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories) which reads thus:
239AB. -If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—
(a)that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that article; or
(b)that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do,
the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as maybe specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him
to be necessary or expedient for administering the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA.
Puducherry
In the Union Territory of Puducherry, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 51 of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.[2] Which thus reads
51. -If the President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator of the Union territory or otherwise, is satisfied,―
(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or
(b) that for the proper administration of the Union territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239.
Article 356 gives wide powers to the Union government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to the Union government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused by the ruling parties at the centre, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents.[3][4] Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the federal state system. Since the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950, the Union government has used this 134 times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule.[1]
The article was used for the first time in Punjab on 20 June 1951. It was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the Vimochana Samaram to dismiss the democratically elected Communist state government of Kerala on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the Union government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties.[5] The Indira Gandhi regime and post-emergency Janata Party were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977 is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states.[6] Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress.[7][8]
The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule in its ruling on the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail the widespread abuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article 356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced.[9]
Article 356 has always been the focal point of a wider debate of the federal structure of government in Indian polity.[10] The Sarkaria Commission Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state".[11] B. R. Ambedkar also said that it would be like a "dead letter" (i.e. would be used rarely).[12]
Denotes currently imposed President rule
More information State, Term ...
| State | Term | Date of imposition | Date of revocation | Duration | Reason(s) to impose the President's rule |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 18 January 1973 | 10 December 1973 | 327 days | Breakdown of law & order due to Jai Andhra Agitation, in CM P. V. Narasimha Rao's tenure.[13] |
| 2 | 28 February 2014 | 8 June 2014 | 100 days | Political impasse following the resignation of CM Kiran Kumar Reddy and several other congress party legislators from the Government as well as the Party, in protest against Indian Parliament passing Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill to bifurcate united Andhra Pradesh and create a separate Telangana state.[14] President's rule revoked from Telangana areas on 2 June 2014 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on 8 June 2014.[15] President rule reimposed unlawfully by the President after the two months time limit without taking approval of the Parliament under Article 356.[16][17] | |
| Andhra State | 1 | 15 November 1954 | 28 March 1955 | 133 days | Loss of majority.[18][19]: 127–133 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 1 | 3 November 1979 | 18 January 1980 | 76 days | Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment during Janata party rule at the centre.[20] |
| 2 | 25 January 2016 | 19 February 2016 | 26 days | 21 Congress MLAs joined hands with 11 of the BJP and two Independents, making the current government a minority government.[21] Supreme Court declared the imposition of president rule as ultra vires and reinstated the dismissed Congress led government in the state. In a landmark judgement, it found fault with the unconstitutional role played by the Governor by interfering in the activities of legislatures and speaker of the Vidhan Shaba[22] | |
| Assam | 1 | 12 December 1979 | 6 December 1980 | 360 days | 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign nationals staying in Assam started to take roots under the leadership of the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU). The violence fuelled by United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) resulted in breakdown of law and order.[23][24] |
| 2 | 30 June 1981 | 13 January 1982 | 197 days | Congress (I) government led by Anwara Taimur representing immigrant minorities collapsed following intensification of 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam.[25] | |
| 3 | 19 March 1982 | 27 February 1983 | 345 days | Congress (I) government led by Kesab Gogoi representing ethnic Asom people collapsed following continued violence in Assam.[26] | |
| 4 | 28 November 1990 | 30 June 1991 | 214 days | Government dismissed in spite of AGP CM Prafulla Mahanta enjoying majority support in Assembly. The dismissal was triggered apparently by the threat to internal security due to banned organisation ULFA's activities.[27] During the president's rule, Operation Bajrang was launched to flush out ULFA militants.[28] | |
| Bihar | 1 | 29 June 1968 | 26 February 1969 | 242 days | Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.[29]: 116–117 [19]: 300–301 |
| 2 | 4 July 1969 | 16 February 1970 | 227 days | Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment due to split in ruling Congress party[29]: 123–125 [19]: 321–326 | |
| 3 | 9 January 1972 | 19 March 1972 | 70 days | Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.[29]: 129–130 | |
| 4 | 30 April 1977 | 24 June 1977 | 55 days | Government dismissed in spite of Jagannath Mishra enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] | |
| 5 | 17 February 1980 | 8 June 1980 | 112 days | Government dismissed in spite of Ram Sundar Das enjoying majority support in Assembly.[30] | |
| 6 | 28 March 1995 | 4 April 1995 | 7 days | President's rule imposed for a brief period of one week to facilitate passage of vote on account (to permit day-to-day government expenses in Bihar) by Parliament while awaiting the results of Assembly elections held during the Chief Ministership of Lalu Prasad.[31] | |
| 7 | 12 February 1999 | 8 March 1999 | 24 days | Breakdown of law and order, killings of 11 Dalits at Narayanpur. The Vajpayee Government, revoked the president's rule within 26 days since the coalition did not have a majority in the Rajya Sabha.[32] | |
| 8 | 7 March 2005 | 24 November 2005 | 262 days | Indecisive outcome of elections. In a landmark judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of the president's rule without giving the chance to the elected legislatures to form new government is unconstitutional and mala fide act by the president.[33] | |
| Delhi | 1 | 16 February 2014 | 14 February 2015 | 363 days | Arvind Kejriwal resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Delhi Assembly.[34] |
| Goa | 1 | 14 December 1990 | 25 January 1991 | 42 days | C.M. resigned consequent upon his disqualification by High Court – No other Government found viable.[35] |
| 2 | 10 February 1999 | 9 June 1999 | 119 days | Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.[36] | |
| 3 | 4 March 2005 | 7 June 2005 | 95 days | Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Pratap Sinh Rane.[37][38] | |
| Goa, Daman and Diu | 1 | 3 December 1966 | 5 April 1967 | 123 days | The Union Territory of Goa's Assembly was dissolved to conduct an opinion poll to determine whether Goa should be merged with Maharashtra.[39] |
| 2 | 27 April 1979 | 16 January 1980 | 264 days | Loss of majority following split in the ruling MGP Party.[40] | |
| Gujarat | 1 | 13 May 1971 | 17 March 1972 | 309 days | Loss of majority following vertical split in Congress during 1969 presidential election.[29]: 138–140 |
| 2 | 9 February 1974 | 18 June 1975 | 1 year, 129 days | Chimanbhai Patel led Congress government resigned due to Navnirman Movement Anti-Corruption protests. The protesters forced MLA's resignations, forcing dissolution of assembly.[41] | |
| 3 | 12 March 1976 | 24 December 1976 | 287 days | "Non-Passage" of budget leading to collapse of government.[42] | |
| 4 | 17 February 1980 | 7 June 1980 | 111 days | Government dismissed in spite of Babubhai J Patel enjoying majority support in the Assembly[30] | |
| 5 | 19 September 1996 | 23 October 1996 | 34 days | Government dismissed following a controversial confidence vote. The Assembly was placed in suspended animation, which led to subsequent installation of Vaghela government, supported by Congress.[43] | |
| Haryana | 1 | 21 November 1967 | 21 May 1968 | 182 days | Government dismissed in spite of having a tenuous majority.[19]: 153–155 |
| 2 | 30 April 1977 | 21 June 1977 | 52 days | Government dismissed in spite of B D Gupta enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] | |
| 3 | 6 April 1991 | 23 June 1991 | 78 days | Rebellion in the ruling party.[44] | |
| Himachal Pradesh | 1 | 30 April 1977 | 22 June 1977 | 53 days | Government dismissed in spite of Thakur Ram Lal enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] |
| 2 | 15 December 1992 | 3 December 1993 | 353 days | Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan in Uttar Pradesh.[45] | |
| Jammu and Kashmir (State) | 1 | 27 March 1977 | 9 July 1977 | 104 days | Sheikh Abdullah led National Conference government bowed out after being reduced to a minority following withdrawal of support by the Congress Party.[29]: 431–432 |
| 2 | 7 March 1986 | 6 November 1986 | 244 days | Loss of majority.[46] | |
| 3 | 19 January 1990 | 9 October 1996 | 6 years, 264 days | Increased Militancy, Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus & breakdown of law & order[47] | |
| 5 | 10 July 2008 | 5 January 2009 | 179 days | Loss of majority following collapse of coalition. CM Gulam Nabi Azad's decision to transfer land for Amarnath pilgrimage led to PDP pulling out of coalition Govt.[48] | |
| 6 | 9 January 2015 | 1 March 2015 | 51 days | Failure of Government formation after fractured verdict in Assembly elections. BJP & PDP reached an understanding to form an alliance to form Government in J&K.[49] | |
| 7 | 8 January 2016 | 4 April 2016 | 87 days | Death of chief minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.[50] | |
| 8 | 19 June 2018 | 30 October 2019 | 1 year, 133 days | Resignation of the Chief Minister following loss of coalition partner.[51] On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir state was split into two union territories, UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh. | |
| Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory) | 1 | 31 October 2019 | Present | 4 years, 190 days | Imposed under section 73 of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (Article 356 does not apply to Union Territories) |
| Jharkhand | 1 | 19 January 2009 | 30 December 2009 | 345 days | Political instability due to CM Shibu Soren's resignation following defeat in Tamar bypolls.[52] |
| 2 | 1 June 2010 | 11 September 2010 | 102 days | Loss of majority.[53] | |
| 3 | 18 January 2013 | 13 July 2013 | 176 days | Loss of majority BJP's ruling coalition partner JMM withdrew its support to the government pushing it into a minority. Chief Minister Arjun Munda resigned and sought dissolution of the state Assembly.[54] | |
| Karnataka | 1 | 27 March 1971 | 20 March 1972 | 359 days | Loss of majority.[19]: 392, 395–396 |
| 2 | 31 December 1977 | 27 February 1978 | 58 days | Government dismissed in spite of Congress CM Devraj Urs enjoying majority support in Assembly.[19]: 221–225 | |
| 3 | 21 April 1989 | 30 November 1989 | 223 days | Loss of majority of CM S. R. Bommai, followed by dissolution of Assembly.[55] On an appeal by S. R. Bommai, in a landmark judgement delivered in 1994, the Indian Supreme Court laid out the procedure to be followed before dissolving an elected assembly. The historic ruling in this case reduced the scope for misuse of Article 356 by future central governments and governors. | |
| 4 | 10 October 1990 | 17 October 1990 | 7 days | Government of Veerendra Patil dismissed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and state was placed under president's rule with the assembly placed in suspended animation until next chief Minister was elected.[56] | |
| 5 | 9 October 2007 | 12 November 2007 | 34 days | Loss of majority.[57][58] | |
| 6 | 20 November 2007 | 30 May 2008 | 192 days | Loss of majority.[59] | |
| Kerala | 1 | 31 July 1959 | 22 February 1960 | 206 days | Government dismissed in spite of Communist CM EMS Namboodiripad enjoying majority support in Assembly.[60][61] |
| 2 | 10 September 1964 | 6 March 1967 | 2 years, 177 days | Loss of majority followed by indecisive outcome of elections.[29]: 173–174 [19]: 214–215 | |
| 3 | 4 August 1970 | 3 October 1970 | 60 days | Loss of majority.[29]: 194–195 | |
| 4 | 5 December 1979 | 25 January 1980 | 51 days | Loss of majority.[62] | |
| 5 | 21 October 1981 | 28 December 1981 | 68 days | Loss of majority due to withdrawal of support by Congress(S) and Kerala Congress(M).[63][64] | |
| 6 | 17 March 1982 | 24 May 1982 | 68 days | Loss of majority following defection of Lonappan Nambadan.[65][66] | |
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 30 April 1977 | 23 June 1977 | 54 days | Government dismissed in spite of Shyama Charan Shukla enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] |
| 2 | 17 February 1980 | 9 June 1980 | 113 days | Government dismissed in spite of Sundar Lal Patwa enjoying majority support in Assembly.[30] | |
| 3 | 15 December 1992 | 7 December 1993 | 357 days | Govt. dismissed in the aftermath of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan destruction in Uttar Pradesh.[45] | |
| Maharashtra | 1 | 17 February 1980 | 9 June 1980 | 113 days | Govt. dismissed in spite of Sharad Pawar enjoying majority support in the Assembly.[30] |
| 2 | 28 September 2014 | 31 October 2014 | 33 days | Govt. dismissed since Congress Separated from its allies NCP and Others.[67] | |
| 3 | 12 November 2019 | 23 November 2019 | 11 days | No party could form a government after a fractured election verdict and Shiv Sena broke the pre-poll alliance it had with the BJP.[68] See also: 2019 Maharashtra political crisis. | |
| Manipur | 2 | 25 October 1967 | 19 February 1968 | 117 days | Short lived ministry collapsed following resignation of speaker, resulting in neither ruling nor opposition congress having a clear majority in the assembly. Assembly kept in suspended animation.[69] |
| 3 | 16 October 1969 | 20 March 1972 | 2 years, 156 days | Violent secessionist insurgency and statehood demands resulted in breakdown of law and order.[29]: 206–207 | |
| 4 | 28 March 1973 | 4 March 1974 | 341 days | President's rule was imposed even though the opposition had a "tenuous" majority and could have formed a government.[29]: 208–209 | |
| 5 | 16 May 1977 | 26 June 1977 | 41 days | Collapse of Government following defections.[70][29]: 213–214 | |
| 6 | 14 November 1979 | 13 January 1980 | 60 days | Discontent within Janata Party Government and corruption charges led to dismissal of government and dissolution of Assembly.[71] | |
| 7 | 28 February 1981 | 19 June 1981 | 111 days | Incumbent Government fell following defections. Governor did not permit an alternate government to be formed by People's Democratic Front on the basis of his assessment regarding stability of the proposed ministry.[72] | |
| 8 | 7 January 1992 | 8 April 1992 | 92 days | Incumbent coalition Government fell following defections. president's rule imposed keeping assembly in suspension.[73] | |
| 9 | 31 December 1993 | 13 December 1994 | 347 days | 1000 persons died in Naga-Kuki clashes and continued violence.[74] | |
| 10 | 2 June 2001 | 5 March 2002 | 276 days | Loss of majority.[75] | |
| Meghalaya | 1 | 11 October 1991 | 5 February 1992 | 117 days | The Centre imposed president's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker PR Kyndiah suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection.[76][77] |
| 2 | 19 March 2009 | 13 May 2009 | 56 days | Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Donkupar Roy.[78] | |
| Mizoram | 1 | 11 May 1977 | 2 June 1978 | 1 year, 22 days | Mizo Union Ministry led by Chief Minister Chhunga resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks.[79]: 95 |
| 2 | 11 November 1978 | 8 May 1979 | 178 days | Chief Minister Sailo's refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of president's rule.[79]: 96–97 | |
| 3 | 7 September 1988 | 24 January 1989 | 139 days | Defections reduced the Government to minority.[80] | |
| Nagaland | 1 | 22 March 1975 | 25 November 1977 | 2 years, 248 days | Defections and counter defections led to imposition of president's rule.[29]: 230–231 |
| 2 | 7 August 1988 | 25 January 1989 | 171 days | The state was under a brief spell of central rule again after the Hokishe Sema-led Congress government was reduced to a minority.[81] The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court in held to be invalid in 1994. | |
| 3 | 2 April 1992 | 22 February 1993 | 326 days | Fluid party position and deteriorating law and order situation.[82] | |
| 4 | 3 January 2008 | 12 March 2008 | 69 days | Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Neiphiu Rio.[83][84] | |
| Odisha | 1 | 25 February 1961 | 23 June 1961 | 118 days | Harekrishna Mahtab led Congress-Gantantra Parishad Minority Government resigned on 21 February 1961 due to differences in the Congress Party. President's rule was imposed on 25 February 1961.[85] |
| 2 | 11 January 1971 | 3 April 1971 | 82 days | Break-up of coalition.[29]: 239–244 | |
| 3 | 3 March 1973 | 6 March 1974 | 1 year, 3 days | Facing imminent collapse of government, incumbent chief minister recommended dissolution of assembly and fresh elections.[29]: 245–247 | |
| 4 | 16 December 1976 | 29 December 1976 | 13 days | Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy was forced out and assembly placed under suspended animation. A new Congress government was sworn in after revocation of president's rule.[86] | |
| 5 | 30 April 1977 | 26 June 1977 | 57 days | Government dismissed in spite of Binayak Acharya enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] | |
| 6 | 17 February 1980 | 9 June 1980 | 113 days | Government dismissed in spite of Nilamani Routray enjoying majority support in Assembly.[30] | |
| Patiala and East Punjab States Union | 1 | 4 March 1953 | 7 March 1954 | 1 year, 3 days | President's rule was invoked in the erstwhile PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union ) State when the Akali Dal government, led by Gian Singh Rarewala, was dismissed.[87][88] |
| Puducherry | 1 | 18 September 1968 | 17 March 1969 | 180 days | Assembly was dissolved and president's rule imposed as opposition parties had a chance to form a government after the fall of the Congress government.[89][29]: 269–270 |
| 2 | 3 January 1974 | 6 March 1974 | 62 days | Assembly dissolved after fall of DMK government following decision of two ministers to join newly formed AIADMK.[29]: 271–272 | |
| 3 | 28 March 1974 | 2 July 1977 | 3 years, 96 days | Fall of coalition government of AIADMK, Congress(O) following division of votes by Congress(R) and DMK. The Assembly was dissolved.[29]: 272–274 | |
| 4 | 12 November 1978 | 16 January 1980 | 1 year, 65 days | Fall of government due to political instability.[90] | |
| 5 | 24 June 1983 | 16 March 1985 | 1 year, 265 days | Government dismissed following withdrawal of Congress(I) from coalition government. In spite of incumbent chief minister asking for an opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house, the assembly was dissolved.[91] | |
| 6 | 12 January 1991 | 4 July 1991 | 173 days | DMK Government dismissed in spite of having a majority in the Assembly.[92][93] | |
| 7 | 25 February 2021 | 7 May 2021 | 71 days | Congress Government Resigned Due To Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.[94] | |
| Punjab | 1 | 20 June 1951 | 17 April 1952 | 302 days | Pandit Nehru kept the Punjab Assembly in suspension for nine months and 28 days to help the state Congress government get its act together.[95] |
| 2 | 5 July 1966 | 1 November 1966 | 119 days | State administration was taken over, ostensibly to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into two, Punjab and Haryana.[29]: 282–283 | |
| 3 | 23 August 1968 | 17 February 1969 | 178 days | Break-up of coalition.[29]: 286–287 | |
| 4 | 15 June 1971 | 17 March 1972 | 276 days | Following poor performance in March, 1971 Lok Sabha Elections, incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections to state legislature.[96] | |
| 5 | 30 April 1977 | 20 June 1977 | 51 days | Government dismissed in spite of Giani Zail Singh enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] | |
| 6 | 17 February 1980 | 7 June 1980 | 111 days | Government dismissed in spite of Parkash Singh Badal enjoying majority support in Assembly.[30] | |
| 7 | 6 October 1983 | 29 September 1985 | 1 year, 358 days | Insurgency and breakdown of law and order.[97] | |
| 8 | 11 May 1987 | 23 February 1992 | 4 years, 288 days | Insurgency and breakdown of law and order.[98] | |
| Rajasthan | 1 | 13 March 1967 | 26 April 1967 | 44 days | Indecisive outcome of elections.[19]: 281, 285–287 |
| 2 | 30 April 1977 | 22 June 1977 | 53 days | Government dismissed in spite of Hari Dev Joshi enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] | |
| 3 | 17 February 1980 | 5 June 1980 | 109 days | Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly.[30] | |
| 4 | 15 December 1992 | 4 December 1993 | 354 days | Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly.[45] | |
| Sikkim | 1 | 18 August 1978 | 17 October 1979 | 1 year, 60 days | Loss of majority following split in Kazi Lhendup Dorji led Janata Party government. The central government imposed president's rule and followed up with electoral reforms before ordering fresh elections.[99] |
| 2 | 25 May 1984 | 8 March 1985 | 287 days | Congress Government formed following induced collapse of Nar Bahadur Bhandari Sikkim Janata Parishad Government was dismissed as it did not enjoy a majority in the Assembly.[100][101] | |
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | 31 January 1976 | 30 June 1977 | 1 year, 150 days | The government headed by former chief minister M. Karunanidhi was dismissed by former prime minister Indira Gandhi in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly, due to charges of corruption while the Sarkaria Commission was set up to probe the allegations.[102] |
| 2 | 17 February 1980 | 9 June 1980 | 113 days | The government headed by former chief minister M. G. Ramachandran was dismissed by former prime minister Indira Gandhi in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.[30] | |
| 3 | 30 January 1988 | 27 January 1989 | 363 days | The government headed by former chief minister V. N. Janaki Ramachandran was dismissed by former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi after controversial confidence vote secured by her in the legislative assembly.[103] | |
| 4 | 30 January 1991 | 24 June 1991 | 145 days | The government headed by former chief minister M. Karunanidhi was dismissed by former prime minister Chandra Shekhar on charges of supporting anti-national activities, in spite of the governor Surjit Singh Barnala's report and enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.[104] | |
| Travancore-Cochin | 1 | 23 March 1956 | 5 April 1957 | 1 year, 13 days | Loss of majority following split in Congress Party.[105]: 33–35 |
| Tripura | 1 | 1 November 1971 | 20 March 1972 | 140 days | In the backdrop of refugee influx due to Bangladesh Liberation War, split in the Congress and Communist agitation for Tripura to become a full-fledged state, president's rule was imposed. On 1 January 1972 Tripura became a State and assembly elections held subsequently.[29]: 320 |
| 2 | 5 November 1977 | 4 January 1978 | 60 days | Collapse of short lived government in a fluid political environment.[29]: 322 | |
| 3 | 11 March 1993 | 10 April 1993 | 30 days | Elections postponed from 15 February 1993 to 3 April 1993 on account of deteriorating law and order situation. Caretaker CM resigns.[106] | |
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | 25 February 1968 | 26 February 1969 | 1 year, 1 day | Loss of majority following withdrawal of support by Congress (R) led by Indira Gandhi.[29]: 326–327 |
| 2 | 1 October 1970 | 18 October 1970 | 17 days | Charan Singh Ministry supported by Congress collapsed following split in Congress party.[29]: 338–341 | |
| 3 | 13 June 1973 | 8 November 1973 | 148 days | Chief Minister resigned as a result of the 1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt.[29]: 44–45 | |
| 4 | 30 November 1975 | 21 January 1976 | 52 days | Congress Government of H N Bahuguna tendered resignation due to infighting within the party.[29]: 369–370 | |
| 5 | 30 April 1977 | 23 June 1977 | 54 days | Government dismissed in spite of N D Tiwari enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] | |
| 6 | 17 February 1980 | 9 June 1980 | 113 days | Government dismissed in spite of Banarasi Das enjoying majority support in Assembly.[30] | |
| 7 | 6 December 1992 | 4 December 1993 | 363 days | Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan.[45] | |
| 8 | 18 October 1995 | 21 March 1997 | 1 year, 154 days | Loss of majority following collapse of coalition followed by indecisive outcome of fresh elections.[107] | |
| 9 | 8 March 2002 | 3 May 2002 | 56 days | Indecisive outcome of elections.[108][109] | |
| Uttarakhand | 1 | 27 March 2016 | 21 April 2016 | 25 days | Collapse of CM Harish Rawat's ministry following a split in the state unit of Congress party. In the hearing of related case, Uttarakhand High Court declared the president's rule imposition by the President unconstitutional and restored the Harish Rawat's led government in the state.[110] |
| 2 | 22 April 2016 | 11 May 2016 | 19 days | Supreme Court of India held the stay on Uttarakhand High Court's verdict thus reinstating the president's rule in the state.[111][112] | |
| West Bengal | 2 | 20 February 1968 | 25 February 1969 | 1 year, 5 days | State placed under president's rule following collapse of two successive short lived coalition governments.[113] |
| 3 | 19 March 1970 | 2 April 1971 | 1 year, 14 days | Collapse of United Front Coalition between Bangla Congress and CPI(M).[19]: 336–340 | |
| 4 | 29 June 1971 | 20 March 1972 | 265 days | Collapse of Democratic Coalition following split in Bangla Congress.[29]: 408–411 [19]: 401–403 | |
| 5 | 30 April 1977 | 21 June 1977 | 52 days | Government dismissed in spite of Siddhartha Shankar Ray enjoying majority support in Assembly.[7][8] |
Close
- Das, Anjishnu (29 August 2023). "13 years in J&K, 10 times in Manipur, UP: History of President's Rule". Indian Express. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department (1963). Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 (PDF). New Delhi: Authority. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- "Limitations of Article 356". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 September 2003.
- Bhardwaj, Ashutosh; Sinha, Amitabh; Mohanty, Debabrata (29 March 2016). "Over 100 blows old, Article 356 is a hammer that all govts love". Indian Express. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- "Sarkaria Commission Report – CHAPTER VI : Emergency Provisions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- Harriss, John (30 April 2010). "Political change, Political Structure, and the Indian State since Independence". In Brass, Paul R. (ed.). Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 61. ISBN 9781134078585. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Borders, William (1 May 1977). "Constitutional Conflict Ends in India as Acting President Accepts Order Dissolving Nine State Legislatures". New York Times. p. 4. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Tummala, Krishna K. (October 1996). "The Indian Union and Emergency Powers". International Political Science Review. 17 (4): 379. JSTOR 1601275. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Vishwanath, Apurva (12 December 2023). "What was the SR Bommai judgment, which the SC relied on in its Article 370 ruling?". Indian Express. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- "National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution". 2001. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- "Sarkaria Commission Report – CHAPTER VI: Emergency Provisions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- "Constituent Assembly Debates: Volume 9- 04 Aug 1949". constitutionofindia.net. Centre for Law and Policy Research. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- Narayana Rao, K. V. (August 1977). "Mulki agitation in the Telangana and Andhra regions". Internal migration policies in an Indian state: A study of the Mulki rules in Hyderabad and Andhra (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Center for International Studies. p. 63. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's Rule imposed in Andhra Pradesh under Article 356 of Constitution". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- "Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio". The Times of India. 19 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
- "Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- "Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
- "When Centre stepped in". Indian Express. 17 March 1970. p. 7. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Dua, Bhagwan D. (Spring 1977). Presidential rule in India: A study in crisis politics (PhD thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Chawla, Prabhu (30 November 1979). "President's rule brings to an end political melodrama in Arunachal Pradesh". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "It's against Constitution: Politicians react to Prez rule in Arunachal". Hindustan Times. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- "After Arunachal Pradesh debacle, PM Modi must abolish post of governor". 14 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- Baruah, Sanjib (November 1986). "Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil--Assam, 1979-1985". Asian Survey. 26 (11): 1193. JSTOR 2644315. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Darnell, Alfred T.; Parikh, Sunita (1988). "Religion, ethnicity, and the role of the state: Explaining conflict in Assam". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 11 (3). Routledge: 274. doi:10.1080/01419870.1988.9993604. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Sen, Sumanta (31 July 1981). "Assam set for another spell of political uncertainty after fall of Congress(I) ministry". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Sen, Sumanta (15 April 1982). "Assam: Congress(I) ministry led by Keshab Gogoi falls, President's Rule to return". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024
- Sengupta, Uttam (15 December 1990). "Assam crisis puts government in catch-22 situation". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Ahmed, Farzand (31 March 1991). "Three months after army moved in, Operation Bajrang makes little headway and ULFA remains potent force". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Siwach, J. R. (1979). Politics of President's Rule in India. Rashtrapati Niwas, Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. OCLC 7583232. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Louis, Arul B.; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1980). "PM Indira Gandhi dismisses governments in nine states, looks to put Congress in power". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Ahmed, Farzand (15 April 1995). "Stand-off between T. N. Seshan and Laloo Prasad Yadav leaves trail of woes for common man". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Zarhani, Seyedhossein (December 2015). Dynamics of Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after 1990 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Heidelberg University. p. 186-187. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January, 2006". Archived from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- Kumar, Devesh (17 February 2014). "President's Rule imposed in Delhi after Arvind Kejriwal's resignation". NDTV. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Rahman, M. (15 January 1991). "Polls only solution for confused Goa assembly". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Abreu, Robin (22 February 1999). "Credible rule becomes a thing of the past in Goa". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Sharma, Ravi (1 July 2005). "Another government in Goa". Frontline. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Goa Cong accept President's Rule". Times of India. 5 March 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Rubinoff, Arthur G. (May 1992). "Goa's Attainment of Statehood". Asian Survey. 32 (5): 476–477. JSTOR 2644978. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Panchal, Chinu (31 May 1979). "Shashikala Kakodkar toppled from chief ministership of Goa by Babu Naik". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Guha, Ramachandra (2007). "The Rivals". India after Gandhi: The history of the world's largest democracy. New York: HarperCollins. p. 476. ISBN 9780230016545. OCLC 77012193. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Janta Front govt in Gujarat suffers a two vote defeat". India Today. 31 March 1976. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Going by the book, read anew, but large issues remain". Frontline. 1 November 1997. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Haryana placed under President's rule". Indian Express. 7 April 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Three BJP govts dismissed". Indian Express. 16 December 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Dubey, Suman (31 March 1986). "Congress(I) withdraws support from G.M. Shah govt, paves way for governor's rule in J&K". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Jammu & Kashmir under Governor's rule for eighth time". India Today. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- Ganguly, Sumit (7 May 2009). "Slow learning: lessons from India's counterinsurgency operations in Kashmir". In Fidler, David P.; Ganguly, Sumit (eds.). India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons learned. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ISBN 9781134008094. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Kumar, Vinay (9 January 2015). "Governor's rule in J&K". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
- Ashiq, Peerzada (1 April 2016). "Mehbooba to be sworn in as J&K's first woman CM on April 4". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Mehbooba Mufti resigns after BJP pulls out of alliance with PDP in Jammu and Kashmir – Times of India ►". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- "President's rule imposed in Jharkhand". The Economic Times. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's rule in Jharkhand". The Hindu. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- "Jharkhand put under President's rule again". Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- Rajghatta, Chidanand; Chawla, Prabhu (15 May 1989). "Janata Dal government in Karnataka falls, Governor Venkatasubbiah's role faces severe flak". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Kumar, Yeshwanth; Awasthi, Dilip (31 October 1990). "Spate of communal violence hits Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's rule imposed in Karnataka". India Today. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's rule in Karnataka revoked". Times of India. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Karnataka again under President's rule". Hindustan Times. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Jeffrey, Robin (1991). "Jawaharlal Nehru and the smoking gun: Who pulled the trigger on Kerala's communist government in 1959?". The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 29 (1): 72–85. doi:10.1080/14662049108447602. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Shefi, A. E. (December 2019). "Vimochana Samaram and First Communist Ministry in Kerala: A historical analysis". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 80: 1150–1158. JSTOR 27192970. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Kartha, G. S. (31 December 1979). "Political instability brings Kerala under President's rule again for fourth time". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Varkey, Ouseph (4 June 2019). "The rise and decline of the Left and Democratic Front in Kerala". In Wood, John R. (ed.). State Politics In Contemporary India: Crisis Or Continuity?. New York: Routledge. pp. 109–118. doi:10.4324/9780429307454. ISBN 9780429307454. OCLC 1103690725. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- Revocation of the Proclamation made by the President on the 21st October, 1981, in relation to the State of Kerala under article 356 of the Constitution. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1981. p. 11. Retrieved 4 May 2024 – via National Archives of India.
- Mehar, Rakesh; Balan, Saritha S. (19 June 2017). "Kerala Chronicles: How an Assembly Speaker kept a Congress govt afloat for 3 months in 1982". The News Minute. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
- Kamath, P. M. (October 1985). "Politics of Defection in India in the 1980s". Asian Survey. 25 (10): 1052. JSTOR 2644180. Retrieved 4 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- "President's rule imposed in Maharashtra". Times of India. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Singh, Vijaita (12 November 2019). "Maharashtra placed under President's Rule". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Centre takes over Manipur rule". Indian Express. 26 October 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Yambem, Sanamani (11 June 1977). "Back to President's Rule". Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (24): 945. JSTOR 4365678. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Dhavan, Rajeev (1989). "President's Rule: Recent Trends". Journal of the Indian Law Institute. 31 (4): 523–524. JSTOR 43951266. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Laithangbam, Swarnalata (31 March 1981). "President's rule imposed in Manipur, Congress(I) and PDF stake claim to rule". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Manipur placed under Delhi rule". Indian Express. 8 January 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Manipur placed under Central rule". Indian Express. 1 January 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Chaudhuri, Kalyan (16 February 2002). "Uncertain in Manipur". Frontline. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Meghalaya clamped under President's Rule". www.merinews.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- Majumdar, Sarbari (15 November 1991). "Biased rulings spark trouble in Meghalaya". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Karmakar, Rahul; Sharma, Nagendar (19 March 2009). "President's Rule in Meghalaya". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- S. P. Sinha (2007). Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9788170621621. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
- Menon, Ramesh (30 September 1988). "Mizoram comes under President's Rule". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Menon, Ramesh (31 August 1988). "President's Rule imposed in Nagaland under questionable circumstances". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Menon, R. (30 April 1992). "Nagaland, Manipur turn political hot spots". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's Rule had become necessary in Nagaland: Governor". India Today. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's rule revoked in Nagaland". India Today. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Sethy, Rabindra Kumar (2003). Political Crisis and President's Rule in an Indian State. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Company. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9788176484633. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy resigns". India Today. 15 January 1977. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's Rule for PEPSU". Indian Express. 6 March 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's rule for PEPSU?". Economic and Political Weekly. 5 (9): 235. 28 February 1953. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President takes over in Pondy". Indian Express. 19 September 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Forty Years Ago: November 13, 1978". Indian Express. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Chatterjee, Sibranjan (1992). "The Dismissal of the Ministry". Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 136. ISBN 9788170993254. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Badhwar, Inderjit; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1991). "President R. Venkataraman faces criticism for playing partisan politics". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Pondy Assembly dissolved; uproarious scenes in LS". Indian Express. 5 March 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President's Rule imposed in Puducherry". Scroll.in. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Nayar, Baldev Raj (1968). "Punjab". In Weiner, Myron (ed.). State Politics in India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 463–467. OCLC 501863. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Arora, Subhash Chander (1990). "Governor's Whim Prevails- 1971". President's Rule in Indian States: A Study of Punjab (1st ed.). Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 180–200. ISBN 9788170992349.
- Gupta, Shekhar; Thukral, Gobind (31 October 1983). "Punjab crisis takes dramatic turn, Darbara Singh govt dismissed, President's Rule imposed". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Chawla, G. S. (12 March 1987). "Punjab comes under President's rule: Assembly in suspended animation". Indian Express. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Phadnis, Urmila (December 1980). "Ethnic Dimensions of Sikkimese Politics: The 1979 Elections". Asian Survey. 20 (12): 1244–1248, 1250. JSTOR 2643629. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Claiborne, William (26 May 1984). "Sikkim Put Under Federal Rule After Mass Party Shift". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Hardgrave, Robert L. (February 1985). "India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession". Asian Survey. 25 (2): 135. JSTOR 2644297. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Marthandam, Nambi (29 February 1976). "President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed dismisses DMK ministry, places Tamil Nadu under President's Rule". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "TN Assembly dissolved: elections soon". Indian Express. 31 January 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991". The Hindu. 14 April 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- Maheshwari, Shriram (1977). President's rule in India. New Delhi: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333901861. OCLC 470784780.
- Banerjee, R; Baweja, H (31 March 1993). "Prime Minister Narasimha Rao sacrifices Tripura Government to curry favour with the Left". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Swami, Venkitesh (1 November 1997). "A crisis defused". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Mishra, Subhash (18 March 2002). "Imposition of President's rule in Uttar Pradesh comes as a boon to political parties". India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Uttar Pradesh put under President's rule". Times of India. 10 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "Lessons from Uttarakhand and Arunachal: What court orders on Central rule say". 15 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- Sinha, Bhadra (23 April 2016). "SC stays Uttarakhand HC order which set aside President's Rule in state". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- Pandey, Sidharth (15 May 2016). Singh, Veer Arjun (ed.). "President's Rule Lifted From Uttarakhand, Congress Back In Power: 10 Points". NDTV. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- "President takes over West Bengal". Indian Express. 21 February 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.