The Phosphoria Formation of the western United States is a geological formation of Early Permian age.^[4] It represents some 15 million years of sedimentation, reaches a thickness of 420 metres (1,380 ft) and covers an area of 350,000 square kilometres (140,000 sq mi).^[1]

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Phosphoria Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Permian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
An outcrop of the Phosphoria Formation near the Big Hole River in western Montana.
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Dinwoody Formation
Overlies	Casper Formation, Park City Formation, Tensleep Sandstone
Area	350,000 sq. km (140,000 sq. mi)[1]
Thickness	Up to 420 metres (1,380 ft)[1]
Lithology
Primary	Limestone, dolomite, shale
Other	Chert, phosphorite, sandstone
Location
Region	Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming[2]
Country	USA
Type section
Named for	Phosphoria Gulch, Idaho
Named by	Richards and Mansfield, 1912[3]

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The Phosphoria includes phosphorite beds that are an important source of phosphorus.^[5] Many of its shales are rich in organic matter and are petroleum source rocks,^[6] and some of its dolomites include petroleum reservoirs.^[7]

The Phosphoria Formation was deposited under marine conditions in a foreland basin located between the Paleozoic continental margin and the North American cratonic shelf.^[6] The upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich marine water at that time stimulated the growth of plankton and nekton, resulting in the accumulation of organic matter on the sea floor. That, coupled with low rates of clastic and carbonate sedimentation, led to the high phosphate and hydrocarbon content of the formation, as well as elevated levels of cadmium, chromium, copper, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel, rare earth elements, selenium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc.^[5][8]

The formation is commonly subdivided, from the top downward, as follows:

• The Tosi chert member (chert with limestone at base).
• The Retort phosphatic member (phosphorite, dolomite, and siltstone).
• The Rex chert member (gray limestone at base, black chert, and black cherty shale).
• The Meade Peak phosphatic member (interbedded brown to black shale, gray dense limestone, dark brown oolitic phosphorite, and minor white calcareous sandstone).
• The Lower Chert member (dark cherty shale).

The Phosphoria is underlain by the Pennsylvanian-Permian Casper Formation^[1] or, depending on the location, by the Park City Formation or the Tensleep Sandstone,^[5] and it is overlain by the Triassic Dinwoody Formation.^[1] The upper boundary is placed at the top of the uppermost phosphorite bed and below the tan calcareous siltstone of Dinwoody formation. The lower boundary is marked by a thin phosphorite that contains abundant fish scales and bones.^[2][5]

The formation reaches its greatest thickness in the Sublett Range in the Paleozoic cordilleran structural basin of southern Idaho. Within the basin the formation consists of a basal phosphorite overlain by a thick sequence of chert and cherty sandstone. To the east in western Wyoming the Phosphoria gradually decreases in thickness and is intertongued with carbonate rocks of the Park City Formation and redbed sandstones of the Chugwater Formation of Permian to Triassic age.^[1] The Phosphoria units extend into the Wind River Mountains and pinch out in the Green Mountains to the east.^[1]

Fossils recovered from the Phosphoria Formation include brachiopods, sponge spicules, crinoid stems, conodont elements, and fish scales and bones. Most "tooth whorls" of the enigmatic cartilaginous fish Helicoprion are known from the formation, including the only known specimen with preserved cranial remains. The Early Permian age of the formation is based primarily on conodont biostratigraphy.^[2][3][4][9]

Phosphate mining in the United States