Mycenaean_gods
List of Mycenaean deities
List of Greek deities from the Mycenaean civilization
Many of the Greek deities are known from as early as Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) civilization. This is an incomplete list of these deities[n 1] and of the way their names, epithets, or titles are spelled and attested in Mycenaean Greek, written in the Linear B[n 2] syllabary, along with some reconstructions and equivalent forms in later Greek.
This article contains text in Mycenaean Greek, written in Linear B. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Pantheon
Gods
More information Name, Notes ...
Name | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Linear B | Transliteration | Comments | Footnotes |
Anemoi | ๐๐๐๐๐๐ฉ๐ / ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฉ๐ | a-ne-mo-i-je-re-ja / a-ne-mo,i-je-re-ja | attested through *Anemohiereia or *Anemon Hiereia, "Priestess of the Winds"[9][1][10][11] | [n 6][n 7][n 8][n 9] |
Apollo(?) | ๐๐ | pe-rjo-, reconstructed a-pe-rjo-ne | perhaps attested through the lacunose perio[13][14] | [n 10] |
Ares | ๐๐ฉ | a-re | [9][16][17][18][19] | |
Despotas(?) | ๐๐ก๐ฒ | do-po-ta | unclear, perhaps house deity[19][20][21] | [n 11][n 12][n 13] |
Dionysus | ๐๐บ๐๐ฐ | di-wo-nu-so | [19][26] | [n 14] |
Dipsioi | ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐๐ | di-pi-si-jo-i | meaning obscure: perhaps "The Thirsty and hence the Dead Ones"; perhaps related to Thessalian month Dipsos[19][32][33][34][35] | [n 15] |
Drimios | ๐๐ช๐๐ | di-ri-mi-jo | unknown, in later times, son of Zeus, perhaps a predecessor of Apollo[19][34][37] | [n 11][n 16][n 17] |
Enesidaon | ๐๐๐ฏ๐ ๐๐ | e-ne-si-da-o-ne | possibly a theonym; possibly an epithet of Poseidon, assumed to mean "Earthshaker" or something similar[1][37][40] | [n 13][n 18][n 19] |
Enyalius | ๐๐๐ท๐ช๐ | e-nu-wa-ri-jo | a later epithet of Ares[1][19][28][34] | |
Hephaestus | ๐๐๐๐ด๐ | a-pa-i-ti-jo | regarded as indirectly attested by the name *Haphaistios or *Haphaistion, presumed to be a theophoric name[27][29][43] | |
Hermes | ๐๐๐ | e-ma-*25 or e-ma-ha | [19][2][44][45][46] | [n 20] |
Areias | ๐๐ฉ๐ | a-re-ja | epithet (Hermes)[2][48] | [n 11] |
Hyperion(?) | ๐๐ | pe-rjo-, reconstructed u-pe-rjo-ne | perhaps attested through the lacunose perio[49] | [n 21] |
Marineus(?) | ๐๐ช๐ / ๐๐ช๐๐ธ / ๐๐ช๐๐บ | ma-ri-ne(-u?) / ma-ri-ne-we / ma-ri-ne-wo | unknown deity, perhaps "God of the Woolens", meaning obscure[19][27][29][50][51] | |
Pade(?) | ๐๐ / ๐๐๐ | pa-de / pa-de-i | possibly unknown god, thought to be Cretan, Minoan in origin[9][1][19][52] | |
Paean | ๐๐๐บ๐ | pa-ja-wo-ne | a precursor of Apollo[1][19][53][54] | [n 22] |
Poseidon | ๐ก๐ฎ๐ ๐ / ๐ก๐ฎ๐ ๐บ๐ | po-se-da-o / po-se-da-wo-ne | chief deity[19][56][57] | [n 13] |
Trisheros | ๐ด๐ช๐ฎ๐ซ๐ | ti-ri-se-ro-e | theonym, "Thrice-Hero"; thought to attest, and pertain to, the veneration of the dead[19][34][63][64][65] | [n 23][n 24][n 25] |
Wanax | ๐ท๐๐๐ณ | wa-na-ka-te | "The King"; in this case, it is considered to be a theonym in the dative case, perhaps as an epithet of Poseidon[19][34][73] | [n 26][n 27] |
Zeus | ๐๐ธ / ๐๐บ | di-we / di-wo | God of the sky[19][76][77] | |
Diktaios | ๐๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ธ | di-ka-ta-jo di-we | local epithet of Zeus on Crete[9][19][78][79] | [n 28][n 29] |
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Goddesses
More information Name, Notes ...
Name | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
English | Linear B | Transliteration | Comments | Footnotes |
Artemis | ๐๐ณ๐๐ต / ๐๐ด๐๐ณ | a-te-mi-to / a-ti-mi-te | [19][81][82][83][84] | |
Diwia | ๐๐๐ / ๐๐น๐ | di-u-ja / di-wi-ja | possibly the female counterpart of Zeus, possibly Dione in later Greek[1][19][21][34] | |
Doqeia(?) | ๐๐ค๐ | do-qe-ja | possibly an unknown goddess but could be only a feminine adjective[85][86][87] | [n 30] |
Eileithyia | ๐๐ฉ๐๐ด๐ | e-re-u-ti-ja | attested in the Cretan Eleuthia form; perhaps Minoan in origin[1][19][89][90][91] | |
Eos | ๐๐บ๐๐ | a-wo-i-jo | perhaps attested through a personal name แผฯohฮนฮฟฯ related to the word for dawn, or dative form ฤwลiลi[92][93][94][95][96][97] | [n 31][n 32] |
Erinyes | ๐๐ช๐ / ๐๐ช๐๐ธ | e-ri-nu / e-ri-nu-we | both forms of the theonym are considered to be in the singular, Erinys[9][19][56][99][100] | [n 33] |
Hera | ๐๐จ | e-ra | [19][34][102] | |
Iphemedeia | ๐๐๐๐๐ | i-pe-me-de-ja | theonym; probably variant form of Iphimedia, name of a mythological person found in Homer's Odyssey[19][21][34][103] | |
Komawenteia(?) | ๐๐๐ธ๐ณ๐ | ko-ma-we-te-ja | possibly unknown deity, possibly meaning "long-haired goddess"[21][104] | [n 34] |
Leto | ๐จ๐ด๐ / ๐จ๐ต | ra-ti-jo / ra-to | perhaps attested through the forms Latios[107][108] and Lato[109] | [n 35] |
Manasa | ๐๐๐ญ | ma-na-sa | unknown goddess[19][34][85][111][112] | [n 11][n 36] |
Mater Theia | ๐๐ณ๐ฉ๐๐ณ๐๐ | ma-te-re,te-i-ja | possibly "Mother of the Gods" or mother goddess[19][113][114] | [n 37] |
Pipituna | ๐ ๐ ๐ถ๐ | pi-pi-tu-na | Reconstructed as *ฮ ฮฏฯฯฯ ฮฝฮฝฮฑ (Pรญptynna);[116] unknown deity, considered to be Pre-Greek or Minoan[9][1][19][35][37][117][118] | [n 38] |
Posidaeia | ๐ก๐ฏ๐ ๐๐ | po-si-da-e-ja | probably the female counterpart to Poseidon[19][21] | [n 11] |
Potnia | ๐ก๐ด๐๐ | po-ti-ni-ja | "Mistress" or "Lady"; may be used as an epithet for many deities, but also shows up as a single deity[19][120][121][122] | [n 13] |
Potnia Athena | ๐๐ฒ๐๐ก๐ด๐๐ | a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja | or Potnia of At(h)ana (Athens(?)); reference of the latter is uncertain[1][19][114] | [n 39] |
Potnia Hippeia | ๐ก๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ค๐ | po-ti-ni-ja,i-qe-ja | Mistress of the Horses; later epithet of Demeter and Athena[19][114] | [n 40][n 41] |
Potnia of Sitos | ๐ฏ๐ต๐ก๐ด๐๐ | si-to-po-ti-ni-ja | Mistress of Grain; Bronze Age predecessor or epithet of Demeter[19][85][114][124] | [n 42] |
Potnia of the Labyrinth | ๐ ๐๐ช๐ต๐๐๐ก๐ด๐๐ | da-pu2-ri-to-jo,po-ti-ni-ja | [1][19][34][114] | |
Potnia, at Thebes | ๐ก๐ด๐๐๐๐บ๐๐ | po-ti-ni-ja,wo-ko-de | of no attested name or title, other than that offers are made to her house, her premises[19][27][34][126][127] | [n 43] |
Potnia, of unidentified Pylos sanctuary | ๐ก๐ด๐๐ | po-ti-ni-ja | unknown local(?) goddess of pa-ki-ja-ne (*Sphagianes?) sanctuary at Pylos[114][129][130] | [n 11][n 44][n 45] |
Potnia, of uncertain A place or epithet | ๐ก๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฏ๐น๐ | po-ti-ni-ja,a-si-wi-ja | [19][135] | [n 46][n 47] |
Potnia, of unknown E place or epithet | ๐๐ฉ๐น๐๐ก๐ด๐๐ | e-re-wi-jo-po-ti-ni-ja | [85] | [n 48] |
Potnia, of unknown N place or epithet | ๐๐บ๐๐๐๐ก๐ด๐๐ | ne-wo-pe-o,po-ti-ni-ja | [19][85] | |
Potnia, of unknown U place or epithet | ๐๐ก๐๐ก๐ด๐๐ | u-po-jo-po-ti-ni-ja | [19][85] | [n 49] |
Potnia, of unknown ? place or epithet | ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ก๐ด๐๐ | (?)-a-ke-si,po-ti-ni-ja | [85] | [n 50] |
Preswa(?) | ๐๐ฉ๐ | pe-re-*82 or pe-re-swa | generally interpreted as a dove goddess or an early form of Persephone[19][21][111][139] | |
Qerasia(?) | ๐ค๐จ๐ฏ๐ | qe-ra-si-ja | unknown goddess, perhaps Minoan in origin or possibly connected with thฤr[9][1][19][34][85][140][141][142] | [n 51][n 52] |
Qowia(?) | ๐ฆ๐น๐ | qo-wi-ja | unknown deity, possibly meaning "She of the Cow(s)"[21][75][85] | [n 11][n 53][n 54] |
Wanasso(?) | ๐ท๐๐ฐ๐ | wa-na-so-i | "The Two Queens", possibly Demeter and Persephone; *wanassojin(?) regarded as a dative dual form[19][34][129][147] | [n 26][n 27][n 55] |
Possible goddesses | ||||
(?) | (?) | (?) | A possible sun goddess, predecessor to Helios, and possibly related to Helen.[150] No unambiguous attestations of words for "sun" have yet been found, though the Mycenaean word for "sun" is reconstructed as *hฤwรฉlios. | [n 56] |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linear B and Mycenaean civilization.
For a list of words relating to Mycenaean Greek and Linear B, see the Mycenaean Greek language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- This list includes deities which in later Greek times and sources were thought of as semigods or mortal heroes. Scholars assign to attested words in Linear B a possibility or probability, sometimes controversially, of being a theonym or an anthroponym, a toponym, etc.; Mycenaean Linear B sources are often damaged inscriptions bearing lacunae, and in any case, they are too few to enable classifications with certainty.
Finally there is a list of attested words which seem to refer to mortals or whose reference is unclear, yet they may have a connection to religion or to a divine or heroic figure of later times. - The names/words in Linear B and the transliteration thereof are not necessarily in the nominative case and also not necessarily of said gods per se, as e.g. in the case of Hephaestus.
- It should be made clear that an absence of offerings, in parallel, to explicitly named deities or people (like priests or priestesses) on relevant attested inscriptions, does not necessarily follow from the presence of this special dedication; for example, the Kn Fp 1 inscription also includes, among others, offerings to Zeus Diktaios, Pade, Erinys and Anemon Hiereia.
- The inscriptions read that the offers are made to her, thus they could refer to a goddess; this is not though, what modern scholars seem to believe.
- Cf. the nouns ฮดฮตฯฯฯฯฮทฯ, ฮดฯฮผฮฟฯ, ฯฯฯฮนฯ;[24] whence despot in English;[25] in an etymological sense, it literally means "master of the house" and is related to potnia.
- The word Poseidon (ฮ ฮฟฯฮตฮนฮดแฟถฮฝ; variant forms include ฮ ฮฟฯฮตฮนฮดฮฌฯฮฝ, the former's final syllable being a synaeresis of the latter's final two) itself, could be connected in an etymological sense - cf. ฯฯฯฮนฯ - to Despotas (if indeed this is the correct reading-interpretation of do-po-ta) and Potnia;[34] likewise compare the same word in connection to Ge-Gaia (hence possibly to Ma Ga) and the possible Enesidaon and other undoubted later-times epithets of him, in consideration of the word-endings, etc.. Moreover some scholars have connected - in a similar manner to the one of Poseidon - Demeter to "Earth" via the De (Da; considered in this case as Pre-Greek and as meaning "Earth") syllable, the goddess thus viewed as representing Da-Mater, "Mother Earth" or similar; others on the other hand have interpreted Demeter's Da syllable as related to domos (i.e. to be Indo-European), interpreting her name as "Mother of the House", creating thus an etymological connection to Despotas and Potnia. ร propos, some scholars have considered the attested, on the PY En 609 tablet,[58] Mycenaean word ๐ ๐๐ณ, da-ma-te, as reading Demeter, but the view is not widely held anymore; the former is indeed thought to be connected to domos, etc, but it is believed to probably be a form of, or something similar to, ฮดฮฌฮผฮฑฯ.[59][60][61][62]
- According to Chadwick,[27] "Dionysos surprisingly appears twice at Pylos, in the form Diwonusos, both times irritatingly enough on fragments, so that we have no means of verifying his divinity". This old view can be found reflected in other scholars[28] but this has changed after the 1989-90 Greek-Swedish excavations at Kastelli Hill, Chania, unearthed the KH Gq 5 tablet.[19][29][30][31]
- It is generally thought to be connected to ฯฯฮนฯฮฌฯฮฟฯฮตฯ, i.e. the "collective, anonymous family ancestors",[64][70][71] but it could perhaps instead refer to Triptolemus, himself possibly "a 'hypostasis' of Poseidon".[70][72]
- Found in a tablet from Pylos, also found on the KN Dv 1462 tablet.
- Cf. the Hindu goddess of the same name.
- Could also be precursor of Leto.[citation needed]
- See the noun ฯแฟฯฮฟฯ and the epithet ฮฃฮนฯฯ.[125]
- The word, on the same tablet, ๐ก๐ฉ๐, po-re-na, *phorenas, understood to mean "those brought or those bringing" (it actually reads ๐ก๐ฉ๐๐ค, po-re-na-qe, but a postfixed ๐ค, qe, is usually a conjunction; cf. ฮบฮฑฮฏ, ฯฮต, and Latin et, qve),[131][132] has been interpreted by some scholars as evidence of human sacrifice at said sanctuary:[133] "According to this interpretation, the text of Tn 316 was written as one of many extreme emergency measures just before the destruction of the palace. Tn 316 would then reflect a desperate, and abnormal, attempt to placate divine powers through the sacrifice of male victims to male gods and female victims to female gods".[134]
- Perhaps an epithet of Artemis.
- Perhaps an epithet of Hera.[citation needed]
- Could be some kind of "under" or "to weave" epithet;[85] cf. the preposition แฝฯฯ and the verb แฝฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฯ.[136][137]
- Possibly an epithet of Artemis; cf. ฮ ฯฯฮฝฮนฮฑ ฮธฮทฯแฟถฮฝ, ฮธฮฎฯ.[142][143][144]
- Could be instead, form of Tiresias.[citation needed]
- Hiller (1997), page 206.
- Garcรญa-Ramรณn, J.L., in Duhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page 230.
- Gulizio (2008), page 3ff.
- Gulizio (2008), page 4.
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- "KN 842 E", DฤMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo, University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, archived from the original on 2016-12-15, retrieved 2014-03-26
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- Budin (2004), pages 235โ236.
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- Burkert (1985), pages 45, 364.
- Chadwick, John (1966). "The Olive Oil tablets of Knossos". In Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John (eds.). Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
- Nosch, Marie Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), pages 22โ23.
- Campanile, Enrico (1985). "Old Irish Boand". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 13.3&4: 477โ479.
- Bartonฤk, Antonรญn (2002). "2. Substantiva und Adjektiva der I., II. und III. Deklination: I. Deklination (Substantiva)". Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch. Heidelberg: Universitรคtsverlag C. WINTER. pp. 165โ6. ISBN 3825314359.
- Ventris and Chadwick (1973), Mycenaean Vocabulary wa-no-so-i.
- Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press.
- Bartonฤk, Antonin (2002). "Mycenaean words in Homer". In Clairis, Christos (ed.). Recherches en linquistique grecque. L'Harmattan. p. 94. ISBN 2-7475-2742-5.
Books
- Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek: Three Hundred Selected Tablets from Knossos, Pylos, and Mycenae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521085588.
- Chadwick, John (1976). The Mycenaean World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29037-6.
- Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674362810.
- Castleden, Rodney (2003) [1990]. The Knossos Labyrinth. A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Routledge. ISBN 9780415033152.
- Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in translation. Edited and translated by Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith, Stephen Brunet; with an Appendix on Linear B Sources by Thomas G. Palaima. Hackett Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-87220-721-8.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - Larson, Jennifer (2016). Understanding Greek Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-68845-1.
- Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2004). The Ancient Greeks. New Perspectives. Understanding Ancient Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576078140.
- Schofield, Louise (2007). The Mycenaeans. The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-89236-867-9.
- Fischer-Hansen, Tobias; Poulsen, Birte, eds. (2009). From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast. 12 Acta Hyperborea. Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788763507882.
- Duhoux, Yves; Morpurgo Davies, Anna, eds. (2011). A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World. Vol. 2. Peeters. ISBN 9782758401162.
Articles in journals, periodicals and of conferences
- Supplรฉments au Bulletin de Correspondance Hellรฉnique. La Crรจte mycรฉnienne: Actes de la Table Ronde Internationale organisรฉe par l'รcole franรงaise d'Athรจnes. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellรฉnique. Vol. 30. Athens: Collections de l'Ecole franรงaise d'Athรจnes en ligne. 1997 [Date of Conference: 26โ28 March 1991].
- Hรคgg, Robin (1997). "Religious syncretism at Knossos and in post-palatial Crete?": 163โ168.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hiller, Stefan (1997). "Cretan sanctuaries and mycenaean palatial administration at Knossos": 205โ212.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)
- Hรคgg, Robin (1997). "Religious syncretism at Knossos and in post-palatial Crete?": 163โ168.
- Proceedings from the International Conference Antiquitas Viva. Antiquitas Viva. ลฝiva Antika. Vol. 50. 2000 [Date of Conference: 5โ7 December 2000].
- Gulizio, Joann (2000). Hermes and e-ma-a2: The continuity of his cult from the Bronze age to the historical period (PDF). pp. 105โ116.
- Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid; Lemos, Irene S., eds. (2006) [Date of Conference: 22โ25 January 2003]. Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer. Edinburgh Leventis Studies 3. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748618899.
- Palaima, Thomas G. (2006), Wanaks and related power terms in Mycenaean and later Greek (PDF), pp. 53โ72
- Sacconi, A., ed. (2008) [Date of Conference: 20โ25 February 2006]. "Colloquium romanum: The Shepherds in the Cn Series at Pylos; M. Lindgren, Use of the Cypriot Syllabary in a Multicultural Surrounding; S. Lupack, the Northeast Building of Pylos and an 1281; M. Marazzi, Il "sistema" Argolide: l'Organizzazione territoriale del golfo argolideo; M. Meier-Brรผgger, Une lecture en langue mycรฉnienne des textes de la sรฉrie Ta de Pylos; T. Meissner, Notes on Mycenaean Spelling; A. Michailidou, Late Bronze Age Economy: Copper". Colloquium Romanum: atti del XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia (in two volumes). XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia. Rome. Pasiphae. et al. Eds. Pisa and Rome. ISBN 9788862270564.
- Gulizio, Joann (2008). "Mycenaean Religion at Knossos". Academia.edu.
Online databases and dictionaries
Mycenaean Greek and Linear B
- Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages. c.โ2008 and forwards.
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - Aurora, Federico; Haug, Dag Trygve Truslew. DฤMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo. Et alii. C. 2010 and forwards. University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas.
- Raymoure, K.A. "Linear B Transliterations". Dead Languages of the Mediterranean. C. 2012โ2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
Ancient Greek, Latin and of English etymology
- A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1879.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) At the Perseus Project, a digital library project of Tufts University. - Francisco, Aura Jorro; Francisco, Rodrรญguez Adrados (1999). Diccionario Griego-Espaรฑol, volumen II. Madrid. ISBN 84-00-06129-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. At the Perseus Project.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. At the Perseus Project.
- Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary. C. 2000 and forwards.
- Duev, Ratko. "di-wi-ja and e-ra in the Linear B texts". In: Pierre Carlier, Additional editors: Charles De Lamberterie, Markus Egetmeyer, Nicole Guilleux, Franรงoise Rougemont and Julien Zurbach (editors). รtudes mycรฉniennes 2010. Actes du XIIIe colloque international sur les textes รฉgรฉens, Sรจvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20-23 septembre 2010. Biblioteca di Pasiphae. 10. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. pp. 195โ205. ISBN 9788862274722
- Flouda, Georgia. "The Goddess Eileithyia in the Knossian Linear B Tablets". In: Honors to Eileithyia at Ancient Inatos: The Sacred Cave of Eileithyia at Tsoutsouros. Crete: Highlights of the Collection. Edited by Athanasia Kanta et al., INSTAP Academic Press, 2022. pp. 33โ36, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2f4v5x3.12. Accessed 10 Apr. 2022.
- Killen, John (2024). "Mycenaean Religion". In John Killen (ed.). The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139029049.013.
- Killen, John (2024). "Religion, Cults And Ritual". In John Killen (ed.). The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 838โ891. doi:10.1017/9781139046152.012.
- LEUVEN, JON C. (1979). "MYCENAEAN GODDESSES CALLED POTNIA". Kadmos. 18 (2): 112โ129. doi:10.1515/kadm.1979.18.2.112.
- Morris, S.P. (2001) [Date of Conference: 12โ15 April 2000]. Laffineur, R.; Hรคgg, R. (eds.). "Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Religion". Aegaeum. 22: Potnia. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference, Gรถteborg, Gรถteborg University. Belgium: 423โ434.
- Parker, Robert (2024). "Mycenaean And Classical Greek Religion". In John Killen (ed.). The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 315โ20. doi:10.1017/9781139029049.014.
- Sergent, Bernard (1990). "Hรฉortologie du mois Plowistos de Pylo". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne (in French). 16 (1): 175โ217. doi:10.3406/dha.1990.1464.
- Wachter, Rudolf. "Homeric โ Mycenaean Word Index (MYC)". In: Prolegomena. Edited by Joachim Latacz, Anton Bierl and Stuart Douglas Olson [English Edition]. Berlin, Mรผnchen, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. pp. 236โ258. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501746-015