Multiparadigm_programming_language

Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

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Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
- Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour)
Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes c.f. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
- Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
- Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
- Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
- Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming^[1]

Language overview

More information Language, Paradigm count ...

List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Language	Paradigm count	Concurrent	Constraints	Dataflow	Declarative	Distributed	Functional	Metaprogramming	Generic	Imperative	Logic	Reflection	Object-oriented	Pipelines	Visual	Rule-based	Other
Ada^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]	5	Yes^{[a 1]}	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
ALF	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
AmigaE ^{[citation needed]}	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
APL	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
BETA ^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
C++	7 (15)	Yes^[7]^[8]^[9]	Library^[10]	Library^[11]^[12]	Library^[13]^[14]	Library^[15]^[16]	Yes	Yes^[17]	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	Library^[18]^[19]	Library^[20]	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes^[21]	No	Library^[22]	Array (multi-dimensional; using STL)
C#	6 (7)	Yes	No	Library^{[a 4]}	No	No	Yes^{[a 5]}	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	Reactive^{[a 6]}
ChucK ^{[citation needed]}	3	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Claire	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Clojure	5	Yes^[23]^[24]	No	No	Yes	No	Yes^[25]	Yes^[26]	No	No	Library^[27]	No	No	Yes^[28]	Editor^[29]	No	Multiple dispatch,^[30] Agents^[31]
Common Lisp	7 (14)	Library^[32]	Library^[33]	Library^[34]	Yes^[35]	Library^[36]	Yes	Yes	Yes^[37]	Yes	Library^[38]	Yes	Yes^{[a 7]}^{[a 2]}^[39]	Library^[40]	Library^[41]	Library^[42]	Multiple dispatch, meta-OOP system,^[43] Language is extensible via metaprogramming.
Curl	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Curry	4	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
D (version 2.0)^[44]^[45]	7	Yes^{[a 8]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes^[46]^{[a 3]}	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Delphi	3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 3]}	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Dylan ^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
E	3	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
ECMAScript^[47]^[48] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript)	4 (5)	Partial^{[a 9]}^{[a 10]}	No	No	Library^[49]^[50]	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 11]}	Library^[51]^[52]	Editor^[53]	No	Reactive,^{[a 12]}^[54] event driven^{[a 13]}^{[a 14]}
Erlang	3	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Elixir	4	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
Elm	6	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes (pure)^{[a 15]}	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Reactive
F#	7 (8)	Yes^{[a 8]}	No	Library^{[a 4]}	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	Reactive^{[a 6]}
Fortran	4 (5)	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 15]}	No	Yes^{[a 16]}	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
Go	4	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Haskell	8 (15)	Yes	Library^[55]	Library^[56]	Yes	Library^[57]	Yes (lazy) (pure)^{[a 15]}	Yes^[58]	Yes	Yes	Library^[59]	No	Partial^{[a 17]}	Yes	Yes	Library^[60]	Literate, reactive, dependent types (partial)
Io	4	Yes^{[a 8]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 11]}	No	No	No	No
J ^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Java	6	Yes	Library^[61]	Library^[62]	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Julia	9 (17)	Yes	Library^[63]	Library^[64]^[65]	Library^[66]	Yes	Yes (eager)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Library^[67]	Yes	Yes^{[a 18]}	Yes	No	Library^[68]^[69]	Multiple dispatch, Array (multi-dimensional); optionally lazy^[70] and reactive (with libraries)
Kotlin	8	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
LabVIEW	4	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
Lava	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	Yes	No	No
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA)	9	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	Yes	No
Lua ^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 11]}	No	No	No	No
MATLAB	6 (10)	Toolbox^[71]	Toolbox^[72]	Yes^[73]	No	Toolbox^[74]	No	Yes^[75]	Yes^[76]	No	No	Yes^[77]	Yes^[78]	No	Yes^[79]	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
Nemerle	7	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Object Pascal	4	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
OCaml	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Oz	11	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes	No	Yes	No
Perl ^{[citation needed]}	8 (9)	Yes^[80]	No	Yes^[81]	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes	No	No	No
PHP^[82]^[83]^[84]	4	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Poplog	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Prograph	3	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	Yes	No	No
Python	5 (10)	Library^[85]^[86]	Library^[87]	No	No	Library^[88]	Yes	Yes^[89]^[90]	Yes^[91]^[92]	Yes	Library^[93]	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	Editor^[94]	No	Structured
R	4 (6)	Library^[95]	No	No	No	Library^[96]	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes^[97]	No	No	Array (multi-dimensional)
Racket	10	Yes^[98]	Yes^[99]	Yes^[100]	No	Yes^[101]	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Lazy^[102]
Raku	10	Yes^[103]	Library^[104]	Yes^[105]	No	Library^[106]	Yes	Yes^[107]	Yes^[108]	Yes	No	Yes^[109]	Yes^[110]	Yes	No	No	Multiple dispatch, lazy lists, reactive.
ROOP	3	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Ruby	5	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha)	6	Yes^{[a 8]}	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes^[111]^[112]	Yes^[113]	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Linear, affline, and ownership types
Sather ^{[citation needed]}	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Scala^[114]^[115]	9	Yes^{[a 8]}	No	Yes^{[a 19]}	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
Simula ^{[citation needed]}	2	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	No
SISAL	3	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Spreadsheets	2	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No
Swift	7	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	Block-structured
Tcl with Snit extension ^{[citation needed]}	3	No	No	No	No	No	Yes^[116]	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes^{[a 11]}^[117]	No	No	No	No
Visual Basic .NET	6 (7)	Yes	No	Library^{[a 4]}	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	No	No	No	Reactive^{[a 6]}
Windows PowerShell	6	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes^{[a 2]}	Yes	No	No	No
Wolfram Language & Mathematica	13^[118] (14)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes^[119]	No	Yes	Knowledge Based

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[rend-mon-7] [a 1]
rendezvous and monitor-like based

[class-8] [a 2]
class-based

[temp-meta-20] [a 3]
template metaprogramming

[tpldf-26] [a 4]
using TPL Dataflow

[lambda-27] [a 5]
only lambda support (lazy functional programming)

[rx-28] [a 6]
using Reactive Extensions (Rx)

[multiple-dispatch2-45] [a 7]
multiple dispatch, method combinations

[actor-53] [a 8]
actor programming

[promises-57] [a 9]
promises, native extensions

[nodejs-cluster-58] [A 10]
using Node.js' cluster module or child_process.fork method, web workers in the browser, etc.

[prototype-61] [A 11]
Prototype-based

[rxjs-65] [A 12]
using Reactive Extensions (RxJS)

[node-events-67] [A 13]
in Node.js via their events module

[dom-events-68] [A 14]
in browsers via their native EventTarget API

[pure-func-69] [A 15]
purely functional

[param-class-70] [A 16]
parameterized classes

[immutable-76] [A 17]
immutable

[multiple-dispatch1-85] [A 18]
multiple dispatch, not traditional single

[akka-134] [A 19]
Akka Archived 2013-01-19 at the Wayback Machine

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Atomics support

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Boolinq

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Reflect Library

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Boost.Spirit

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Clojure - Concurrent Programming

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Clojure - core.async

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Clojure - Functional Programming

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constraint programming inside CL through extensions

[40] [34]
dataflow extension

[41] [35]
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[42] [36]
MPI, etc via language extensions

[43] [37]
template metaprogramming using macros (see C++)

[44] [38]
Prolog implemented as a language extension

[46] [39]
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[47] [40]
implemented by the user via a short macro, example of implementation

[48] [41]
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[49] [42]
rule-based programming extension

[50] [43]
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[51] [44]
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[52] [45]
Phobos std.algorithm

[54] [46]
D language String Mixins

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Multiparadigm_programming_language

Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

Paradigm summaries

Language overview

See also

Notes

Citations

References

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