Birth and Youth in Serbia

Panić was born on 20 December 1929 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (present-day Serbia) into a middle-class family. His father, a prominent government official, died when he was three years old, leaving Panić's mother to raise him and his sisters. Faced with a growing shortage of goods due to the Nazi occupation of Belgrade, Panić started a working vegetable farm to support his family and community.^[19] As a young student, he gravitated toward geography and chemistry, assembling a small laboratory in his room to conduct experiments.^[20] During World War II, Panić, then only 14 years old, joined Josip "Marshal" Tito’s partisan resistance to fight the growing Nazi influence in Yugoslavia.^[21] After returning from military service, he resumed his secondary studies in biochemistry at the Belgrade Faculty of Technology.^[22] Panić enrolled as a medical student at the University of Belgrade medical school before transferring to the biochemistry degree program.^[20]

Cycling career

Panić was an avid cyclist from his youth into early adulthood.^[23] Over the course of his cycling career, he eventually rose to become a Yugoslavian national champion^[24] and competed at the international level on prominent teams including the Yugoslavian national and Olympic teams.^[8][25] While traveling to an international cycling tournament in the Netherlands in 1955, Panić defected to Austria with his wife Jelica Panić (née Narandžić.)^[26]

Defection and Refugee Status

After defecting to Austria in August 1955, Panić and his wife applied for asylum in Germany and moved to a West German refugee camp. While in Germany, he enrolled in the PhD program at the University of Heidelberg^[22] and worked as a furniture mover.^[27] After receiving asylum in Germany several months after his initial arrival, Panić applied for a program that resettled refugees in the United States.^[28] Upon their acceptance into the program, he and Jelica moved to Fontana, California in early 1956. Panić worked in labs at Kaiser Steel and the University of Southern California,^[14] where he also studied biochemistry. In 1959, Panić decided to start his own business, the International Chemical and Nuclear Corporation (ICN).^{[citation needed]}

Prime Minister of Yugoslavia

In July 1992, Panić assumed the position of Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, at the request of Yugoslav President Dobrica Ćosić and Serbian President Slobodan Milošević.^[3][29] Panić set out goals of achieving peace, drafting a constitution, lifting U.N. sanctions, and pushing for the closure of concentration camps.^[30][31] In August 1992, he played a central role in the London International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia, which called for international attention to the country's worsening economic and political situation.^[32] At the conference, Panić submitted a twelve-point Plan for Peace.^[33] One month later, Panić delivered a "Speech of Peace" address in front of the United Nations General Assembly.^[9]

On 2 December 1992, Panić announced his intention to challenge Milošević for the Serbian presidency, campaigning on a platform of economic reforms and bringing a peaceful resolution to the Bosnian War. Panić contended that Milošević had crippled Serbia by allowing unemployment and inflation to rise, while inciting isolation and sanctions by the international community.^[34] Panić appealed directly to Serbian youth^[21] and older voters seeking a compromise in the ongoing conflict that included recognition of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in their current borders.^[26] In the 1992 Serbian general election, Panić came in second behind Milošević, receiving 32% of votes cast.^[7] In the aftermath, observers at the Helsinki Commission, political experts, and journalists alleged that Milošević and his supporters had manipulated the election results through improper use of state media and vote tampering.^[6][30][35]

Yugoslavia Peace Efforts and Dayton Accords

Following his term as prime minister, Panić stayed involved in the effort to restore peace and democracy in the region. In December 1993, he began correspondence with U.S. President Bill Clinton^[36] regarding a proposed peace summit with all heads of state of the former Yugoslavia. In 1994, he met with Clinton and his advisers in California to discuss the proposal further.^[4] Following additional discussions over the next two years, in which Panić proposed a Balkans peace conference, the Clinton Administration convened the Conference on Establishing Peace at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, USA.^[37]

The Conference culminated in the signing of the Dayton Accords on 21 November 1995,^[9] which brought an end to the Bosnian War by dividing Bosnia and Herzegovina into two separate entities: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska.^[38] Since the end of the war, Panić has continued to push for democracy in the Yugoslav region by convening political activists and advocating in the media.^[39][40]

Launch of ICN

In 1959, Panić launched ICN out of his garage just outside of Los Angeles, CA using $200 in startup capital. His initial business model was built upon synthesizing chemical compounds to sell to California research labs.^[11] During the 1960s, ICN marketed a generic version of L-Dopa, a widely used Parkinson's disease antidote.^[41] Panić led ICN over the following decades to develop the building blocks for several thousand potential new drugs.^[42] As ICN grew, Panić moved his operations from Pasadena, CA to a new research lab in Costa Mesa, CA and renamed the company ICN Pharmaceuticals. In 1967, ICN was officially listed on the New York Stock Exchange.^[43]

Discovery of Ribavirin and Production of Virazole

In 1972, ICN discovered the ribavirin compound, the earliest recorded broad spectrum antiviral agent.^{[44][45][46][47]} Chemists Joseph T. Witkovski and Ronald K. Robins were integral to the compound's creation.^[48] In 1985, ribavirin was approved under the name Virazole by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an upper respiratory tract disease that primarily affects children.^[14] In 1991, ICN created the SPAG-2 (Small Particle Aerosol Generator) nebulizer to administer an aerosolized form of ribavirin during hospital treatments of specific viral infections.^[49]

In 1985, ICN and the Eastman-Kodak company launched a six-year, $45 million joint venture to research drugs that slow, halt, or reverse the aging process.^[41] Between 1986 and 1987, the FDA contended that ICN had exaggerated Virazole's effectiveness in treating other illnesses including the AIDS virus.^[50][51] ICN settled with the FDA in 1991. In January 1988, ICN acquired 7.3% of Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffman-La Roche, as part of a reported acquisition strategy to expand ICN's reach and marketing capabilities.^[52]

Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, ICN acquired multiple pharmaceutical firms in Eastern Europe. In May 1991, ICN bought 75% of Galenika, Yugoslavia's largest drug maker at the time. After eight months, the new subsidiary ICN-Galenika was producing revenues of $364 million.^[24] In April 1992, ICN Pharmaceuticals and ICN-Galenika partially financed a $100,000 initiative to vaccinate children in the Yugoslav province of Kosovo.^[53] In 1995, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigated ICN over shareholder concerns related to Mr. Panić's sale of company stock before a key regulatory decision by the FDA.^[54] After a three-year investigation, the SEC dropped its inquiry in 1998 with no charges filed.^[55]

Global Success and End of Tenure at ICN

In 1998, the FDA approved Virazole for the treatment of Hepatitis C in conjunction with another medication called interferon.^[11] Virazole eventually became a global standard treatment for multiple pediatric and adult medical conditions. Uses include the effective treatment of chronic Hepatitis C in conjunction with interferon,^[21][56] multiple viral fevers including influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, measles,^[57] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Lassa fever, as well as renal impairment and thyroid cancer.^[58]

During the 1990s, Panić resolved four sexual harassment suits filed by former employees of ICN. In 2002, ICN settled an SEC civil lawsuit related to misleading statements issued regarding their products.^[59][60] Panić decided to retire as CEO and Chairman of ICN in June 2002 after opposing shareholders took control of ICN's Board of Directors.^[61] Over the course of his career as Chairman, CEO, and President, Panić led ICN to annual sales in 90 countries exceeding $672 million (USD), with over 600 drugs in its portfolio by his final year in 2001.^[22][62][63]

Panić maintains other business entities and investments both in the U.S. and internationally. In 2003, after Panić's departure, ICN Pharmaceuticals changed its name to Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Inc.^[64]

MP Biomedicals

After retiring from ICN, Panić bought a bioassay subsidiary of ICN Biomedicals and changed its name to MP Biomedicals.^[65] MP specializes in research and development of life science and diagnostic products.^[66] MP's global headquarters is located in Santa Ana, California, with its US headquarters and central distribution center located in Solon, Ohio. The company maintains global operations in North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Europe. On 14 June 2010, Panić and MP acquired ICPBio International LTD., a New Zealand-based protein biologics manufacturing company.^[67] On 11 December 2014, the FDA approved MP Diagnostics HTLV Blot 2.4, the first FDA-licensed supplemental test for Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-I/II (HTLV-I/II).^[68] In October 2015, Panić announced the sale of MP Biomedicals to China-based Valiant Fine Chemicals Co. Ltd., a developer of chemical products.^[66]