Luxembourg
Luxembourg (/ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ (listen) LUK-səm-burg;[9] Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg [ˈlətsəbuəɕ] (
listen); French: Luxembourg; German: Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,[lower-alpha 3] is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. It borders Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg,[10] is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union (together with Brussels, Frankfurt, and Strasbourg) and the seat of several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority.[11][12] Luxembourg's culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its French and German neighbors; while Luxembourgish is legally the only national language of the Luxembourgish people,[13] French and German are also used in administrative and judicial matters and all three are considered administrative languages of the country.[13]
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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Motto: "Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn" (Luxembourgish) "Nous voulons rester ce que nous sommes" (French) "Wir wollen bleiben, was wir sind" (German) "We want to remain what we are" | |
Anthem: "Ons Heemecht" ("Our Homeland") | |
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Capital and largest city | Luxembourg[1] 49°48′52″N 06°07′54″E |
Official languages | National languages: Luxembourgish
Administrative languages: |
Nationality (2017) |
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Religion (2018[2]) |
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Demonym(s) | |
Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
Henri | |
Xavier Bettel | |
Legislature | Chamber of Deputies |
Independence | |
15 March 1815 | |
• Independence in personal Union with the Netherlands (Treaty of London) | 19 April 1839 |
• Reaffirmation of Independence Treaty of London | 11 May 1867 |
23 November 1890 | |
1 August 1914 | |
• Liberation from the Greater German Reich | 1944 / 1945 |
• Admitted to the United Nations | 24 October 1945 |
1 January 1958 | |
Area | |
• Total | 2,586.4 km2 (998.6 sq mi) (168th) |
• Water (%) | 0.23 (2015)[3] |
Population | |
• January 2022 estimate | ![]() |
• 2022 census | 645,397 [5] |
• Density | 242/km2 (626.8/sq mi) (58th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | ![]() |
• Per capita | ![]() |
Gini (2019) | ![]() medium |
HDI (2021) | ![]() very high · 17th |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Note: Although Luxembourg is located in Western European Time/UTC (Z) zone, since 1 June 1904, LMT (UTC+0:24:36) was abandoned and Central European Time/UTC+1 was adopted as standard time, with a +0:35:24 offset (+1:35:24 during DST) from Luxembourg City's LMT. | |
Date format | dd.mm.yyyy |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +352 |
ISO 3166 code | LU |
Internet TLD | .lub |
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With an area of 2,586 square kilometers (998 sq mi), Luxembourg is one of the smallest countries in Europe,[14] and the smallest not considered a microstate. In 2022, it had a population of 645,397, which makes it one of the least-populated countries in Europe,[15] albeit with the highest population growth rate;[16] foreigners account for nearly half the population.[17] Luxembourg is a representative democracy headed by a constitutional monarch, Grand Duke Henri, making it the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy.
Luxembourg is a developed country with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest GDP (PPP) per capita. The city of Luxembourg was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of its vast fortifications and historic quarters.[18]
Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union,[19] OECD, the United Nations, NATO, and the Benelux.[20][21] It served on the United Nations Security Council for the first time in 2013 and 2014.[22] As of 2022, Luxembourg citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 189 countries and territories, ranking the Luxembourgish passport fourth in the world, tied with Finland and Italy.[23]