List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education
Most presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the presidents apart from the general population, and presidents have held degrees even though it was quite rare and unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the 45 individuals to have been the president, 25 of them graduated from a private undergraduate college, nine graduated from a public undergraduate college, and 12 held no degree. Every president since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States.
Did not graduate from college
- George Washington (Although the death of Washington's father ended his formal schooling, he received a surveyor's certificate from the College of William & Mary. Washington believed strongly in formal education, and his will left money and/or stocks to support three educational institutions, including George Washington University and Washington and Lee University)[1]
- James Monroe (attended the College of William and Mary, but dropped out to fight in the Revolutionary War)
- Andrew Jackson
- Martin Van Buren
- William Henry Harrison (attended Hampden Sydney College for three years but did not graduate and then attended University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine but never received a degree)[2][3][4]
- Zachary Taylor
- Millard Fillmore (founded the University at Buffalo)
- Abraham Lincoln (had only about a year of formal schooling of any kind)
- Andrew Johnson (no formal schooling of any kind)
- Grover Cleveland
- William McKinley (attended Allegheny College, but did not graduate; also attended Albany Law School, but also did not graduate)
- Harry S. Truman (went to business college and law school, but did not graduate)
Undergraduate
- A.^ Kennedy enrolled, but did not attend
Additional undergraduate information
Some presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though The College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate.[5] Two presidents have attended a foreign college at the undergraduate level: John Quincy Adams at Leiden University and Bill Clinton at the University of Oxford (John F. Kennedy intended to study at the London School of Economics, but failed to attend as he fell ill before classes began.)
Three presidents have attended the United States Service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No presidents have graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy or the much newer U.S. Air Force Academy. Eisenhower also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College and Army War College. These were not degree granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education as a career soldier.
Graduate school
A total of 20 presidents attended some form of graduate school (including professional schools). Among them, eleven presidents received a graduate degree during their lifetimes; two more received graduate degrees posthumously.
Business school
| School | Location | President(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | Boston, Massachusetts | |
Graduate school
| School | Location | President(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Harvard University | Cambridge, Massachusetts | |
| Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore, Maryland |
Medical school
| School | Location | President(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
|
Law school
Several presidents who were lawyers did not attend law school, but became lawyers after independent study under the tutelage of established attorneys.[6] Some had attended college before beginning their legal studies, and several studied law without first having attended college. Presidents who were lawyers but did not attend law school include: John Adams; Thomas Jefferson; James Madison; James Monroe; John Quincy Adams; Andrew Jackson; Martin Van Buren; John Tyler; James K. Polk; Millard Fillmore; James Buchanan; Abraham Lincoln; James A. Garfield; Grover Cleveland; Benjamin Harrison; and Calvin Coolidge.
Presidents who were admitted to the bar after a combination of law school and independent study include; Franklin Pierce; Chester A. Arthur; William McKinley; and Woodrow Wilson.
Ph.D. (research doctorate)
| School | Location | President(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore, Maryland |
M.B.A. (Master of Business Administration)
| School | Location | President(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | Boston, Massachusetts |
M.A. (Master of Arts)
| School | Location | President(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Harvard University | Cambridge, Massachusetts |
Note: John Adams and John Quincy Adams, along with George W. Bush are the only presidents to date to attain master's degrees.
J.D. or LL.B. (law degree)
Note: Hayes, Taft, Nixon and Ford were awarded LL.B. degrees.[8][9][10][11] When most U.S. law schools began to award the J.D. as the professional law degree in the 1960s, previous graduates had the choice of converting their LL.B. degrees to a J.D.[12][13] Duke University Law School made the change in 1968,[14] and Yale Law School in 1971.[15]
Faculty member
School rector or president
| President(s) | School | Position | Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas Jefferson | University of Virginia | 1st rector | 1819–1826 |
| James Madison | University of Virginia | 2nd rector | 1826–1836 |
| James A. Garfield | Hiram College | President | 1857–1860 |
| Millard Fillmore | University of Buffalo | Chancellor | 1846–1874 |
| Woodrow Wilson | Princeton University | President | 1902–1910 |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | Columbia University | President | 1948–1953 |
School trustee or governor
- Other countries
- "George Washington's Mount Vernon - Facts & Falsehoods about George Washington". Archived from the original on 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
- Freehling, William (October 4, 2016). "William Henry Harrison: Impact and Legacy". Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.
- "William Harrison: Life Before the Presidency | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 4 October 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- Owens, Robert M. (2007). Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3842-8.
- "George Washington's Professional Surveys". U.S. National Archives. 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
- "Lincoln Legal Career Timeline". Abraham Lincoln Online.org. Abraham Lincoln Online. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- Kelly, Erin St. John (September 25, 2008). "Presidents Roosevelt Awarded Posthumous J.D.s". Columbia Law School News. New York, NY: Columbia Law School.
- Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-7006-0641-2.
- "William Howard Taft". Laws.com. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- Gellman, Irwin F. (2017). The Contender: Richard Nixon, the Congress Years, 1946–1952. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-300-22020-9.
- "Gerald R. Ford Biography". Fordlibrarymuseum.gov/. Grand rapids, MI: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
- Bear, John (2001). Bear's Guide to Earning Degrees by Distance Learning. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-58008-202-0.
- Hylton, J. Gordon (January 11, 2012). "Why the Law Degree is Called a J.D. and not an LL.B." Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University.
- Bolich, W. Bryan (1968). Duke Law School 1868–1968: A Sketch (PDF). Durham, NC: Duke University Law School. p. xxiv.
- Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma (2007). Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems. Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-934-043-51-6.
- Ryerson, Richard (5 October 2016). "John Adams at Harvard". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- "Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees". Harvard Gazette. 6 November 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- Johnston, J. Stoddard (1913). "Sketch of Theodore O'Hara". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. Frankfort, KY: State Journal Company. p. 67.
- Joseph Nathan Kane, Facts About the Presidents (New York: Simon & Schuster [Pocket Books], 1968 [5th printing]), 194.
- Leitch, Alexander (1978). "Biography, Grover Cleveland". A Princeton Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
- UC.edu Archived 2006-04-28 at the Wayback Machine
- "BU School of Law Timeline". Boston University. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- Robert H. Ferrell, Farewell to the Chief: Former Presidents in American Public Life, 1991, page 52
- U.S. Government Printing Office, Congressional Record, Volume 108, Part 4, 1962, page 5168.
- Kaczynski, Andrew; Apper, Megan (February 2, 2015). "Here's Bill Clinton's Personnel File From His Time As An Arkansas College Professor". buzzfeednews.com/. New York, NY: Buzzfeednews.com.
- "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- Carey, Kathleen E. (August 27, 2008). "Widener students proud of Biden". Daily Times. Denver, CO: MediaNews Group, Inc.
- Shelbourne, Talis (October 15, 2020). "Fact Check: Was Joe Biden Ever a 'Professor in College'?". Heavy.com. New York, NY.
- "History :: Washington and Lee University". Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
- Reynolds, G.T. (1902). "Madison College". In Haskins, Charles Homer; Hull, William Isaac (eds.). A History of Higher Education in Pennsylvania. Government Printing Office. pp. 155–7.
Madison College Pennsylvania.
- University of Nashville Board of Trustees (1892). The University of Nashville, 1785 to 1892. Nashville, TN: Marshall & Bruce. p. 5. Note: In 1791, Jackson was appointed to the board of trustees of Davidson Academy. Jackson continued on the board when the school was reorganized as Cumberland College in 1806. In 1826, Cumberland College was reincorporated as the University of Nashville, and Jackson remained a member of the board of trustees until his death.