Kundal_Shahi_language
Kundal Shahi language
Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan
Kundal Shahi (کنڈل شاہی, Kunḍal Šāhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 700 people in the Kundal Shahi village of Neelam Valley in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.[2] It is an endangered language and its speakers are shifting to Hindko.[3]
Kundal Shahi | |
---|---|
کنڈل شاہی Kunḍal Šāhī | |
Native to | Pakistan |
Region | Neelam Valley |
Native speakers | 700 (2005)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | shd |
Glottolog | kund1257 |
Coordinates: 34.5548°N 73.8439°E / 34.5548; 73.8439 |
The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.[4]
Vowels
Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.[5]
Consonants
Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.[5]
Tone
Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.[6] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.[5]
Kundal Shahi is severely endangered with less than 500 speakers, most of whom are over the age of 40.[7]
- Kundal Shahi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- "Kundal Shahi". Ethnologue.
- A. Rehman, Khawaja; L. G. Baart, Joan (2005). "A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir" (PDF). SIL International.
- Baart & Rehman 2005, pp. 10–13.
- Baart 2003, pp. 3, 6.
- "A first look at the language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir". 28 January 2013.
- Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6
- Baart, Joan L. G.; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2005). "A first look at the language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir". SIL Electronic Working Papers.
- Rehman, Khawaja A. (2011). "Ergativity In Kundal Shahi, Kashmiri And Hindko". In Mark Turin; Bettina Zeisler (eds.). Himalayan languages and linguistics: studies in phonology, semantics, morphology and syntax. Brill's Tibetan studies library, Languages of the greater Himalayan region. Leiden: Brill. pp. 219–234. ISBN 978-90-04-19448-9.
- Rehman, Khawaja A. (2011). Language Shift In the Neelam Valley: A Case Study of the Kundal Shahi Language (PhD). Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.