Karluk_Yabgu_State

Karluk Yabghu

Karluk Yabghu

756–840 Karluk Turkic polity in Central Asia

The Karluk Yabghu State (simplified Chinese: 葛逻禄叶护国; traditional Chinese: 葛邏祿葉護國; pinyin: Géluólù Yèhùguó) was a polity ruled by Karluk tribes.

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Anikova dish: Nestorian Christian plate with decoration of the Siege of Jericho, probably made by Sogdian artists under Karluk dominion, in Semirechye.[1] Cast silver of the 9th-10th century, copied from an original 8th century plate.[2][3]

History

The first information about the tribes of karluks that occupied the territory between Altai and the Eastern coast of Lake Balkhash dates back to the 5th century.[4] The Karluks were part of the First Turkic and Uyghur khaganates. They were composed of three tribes, therefore their ruler mostly called Sanxing Yabghu (Chinese: 三姓葉護; lit. 'Yabghu of Three Tribes') in 8th century.[5] In 742, they were named "Right Yabghu" by Basmyl khagan Ashina Shi. Like Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of Ashina tribe.[6]

Karluk chief Bilge Yabghu Tun Apa Yigen Chor (Chinese: 毗伽葉護頓阿波移健啜; pinyin: Píjiā Yèhù Dùn ābō Yíjiàn Chuài) submitted to Uyghur khaganate in 746.[7] He may be same person as Yigen Chor (𐰘𐰃𐰏𐰤𐰲𐰆𐰺) mentioned in Kul-Chor stele.[8]

He was succeeded by Tun Bilge Yabghu (Chinese: 頓毗伽葉護; pinyin: Dùn Píjiā Yèhù) in 753.[7] A ruler of Karluks were mentioned in Turco-Manichean book "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki Jïltïz Nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at Kara-Khoja in the Turpan oasis by Albert von Le Coq. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the Chigil tribes, named Alp Burguchan, Alp Tarhan, Alp İl Tirgüg.[9] He probably was the one who conquered Turgesh state and resettled Karluks in Zhetysu basin, making Suyab their capital.[10]

Another ruler was Köbäk,[11] whose coins were found in modern Kyrgyzstan.[10]

When the Yenisei Kyrgyz destroyed the Uyghur Khaganate in 840, Karluk yabghu declared himself khagan with title Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, forming the Kara-Khanid Khanate.[12]

Location of the Karluk Yabghu, with contemporary polities circa 800 CE

See also

References

  1. [1]
    Sims, Eleanor (2002). Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3.
  2. [2]
    "Hermitage Museum".
  3. [3]
    Gorelik, Michael (1979). "Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979. Robert Elgood.
  4. [4]
    "Карлукское государство (756—940 гг.)". e-history.kz (in Russian). 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  5. [5]
    Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2008-10-23). Eski Türklerde Devlet Teşkilâtı (Gök Türk Dönemi) / State Organization of the Ancient Turks (The Türk Qaġanate Period) (Thesis).
  6. [6]
    Kli︠a︡shtornyĭ, S. G. (2004). Gosudarstva i narody Evraziĭskikh stepeĭ : drevnostʹ i srednevekovʹe. Sultanov, T. I. (Tursun Ikramovich) (2-e izd., isprav. i dop ed.). Sankt-Peterburg. ISBN 5858032559. OCLC 60357062. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. [7]
    Chavannes, Edouard (2007). Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux recueillis et commentés suivi de Notes additionnelles. Bibliothèque Paul-Émile Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. OCLC 145840509.
  8. [8]
    "Kul-Chur's Memorial Complex". bitig.org. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  9. [9]
    Zuev, I︠U︡. A. (2002). Rannie ti︠u︡rki : ocherki istorii i ideologii. Almaty. ISBN 9985441529. OCLC 52976103. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. [10]
    Salman, Hüseyin (Spring 2014). "The Issue of Qarluq State Establishment". Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. doi:10.16985/MTAD.201417912 (inactive 31 January 2024). Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  11. [11]
    "Zeno - Oriental Coins Database - Qarluq AE coin, unique recent finding". www.zeno.ru. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  12. [12]
    "Karluk Yabgu State (756-940)". 2 August 2013.
  13. [13]
    Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2017). Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history. Siedlce Tehran: Institute of history and international relations, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University Department of archaeology and history, central Tehran branch, Tehran Azad University. p. 251, Fig. 37. ISBN 978-83-62447-19-0.

Further reading

  • History of civilisations of Central Asia. South Asia Books. March 1999. p. 569. ISBN 978-8120815407.
  • The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (Vol 1). Cambridge University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0521243049.


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