Geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature
An isogloss, also called a heterogloss, is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature. Isoglosses are a subject of study in dialectology, in which they demarcate the differences between regional dialects of a language; in areal linguistics, in which they represent the extent of borrowing of features between languages in contact with one another; and in the wave model of historical linguistics, in which they indicate the similarities and differences between members of a language family.
Major dialects are typically demarcated by bundles of isoglosses, such as the Benrath line that distinguishes High German from the other West Germanic languages and the La Spezia–Rimini Line that divides the Northern Italian languages and Romance languages west of Italy from Central Italian dialects and Romance languages east of Italy. However, an individual isogloss may or may not have any coterminus with a language border. For example, the front-rounding of /y/ cuts across France and Germany, while the /y/ is absent from Italian and Spanish words that are cognates with the /y/-containing French words.
Similar to an isogloss, an isograph is a distinguishing feature of a writing system. Both concepts are also used in historical linguistics.
Etymology
The term isogloss (Ancient Greek ἴσοςísos "equal, similar" and γλῶσσαglōssa "tongue, dialect, language") is inspired by contour lines, or isopleths, such as isobars. However, the isogloss separates rather than connects points. Consequently, it has been proposed for the term heterogloss (ἕτεροςhéteros "other") to be used instead.[1]
In some branches (for example Greek, Italic and Germanic), the palatals merged with the velars: PIE *keup- "tremble (inwardly)" became Latincupiō "desire" and *ḱm̥tom "hundred" became Latin centum (pronounced [kentum]); but *kʷo- "interrogative pronoun" became quō "how? where?". They are known as centum branches, named after the Latin word for hundred.
In other branches (for example, Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian), the labiovelars merged with the velars: PIE *keup- became Vedic Sanskritkopáyati "shaken" and *kʷo- became Avestankō "who?"; but *ḱm̥tom became Avestan satəm. They are known as satem branches, after the Avestan word for hundred.[2][3]
Since the Balto-Slavic family, the Indo-Iranian family, and the other satem families are spoken in adjacent geographic regions, they can be grouped by an isogloss: a geographic line separating satem branches on one side from centum branches on the other.
A feature of the ancient Northwest Semitic languages is w becoming y at the beginning of a word. Thus, in Proto-Semitic and subsequent non-Northwest Semitic languages and dialects, the root letters for a word for "child" were w-l-d. However, in the ancient Northwest Semitic languages, the word was y-l-d, with w- > y-.
Similarly, Proto-Semitic ā becomes ō in the Canaanite dialects of Northwest Semitic.[4] Within the Aramaic languages and dialects of Northwest Semitic, the historic ā is preserved. Thus, an ancient Northwest Semitic language whose historic ā became ō can be classed as part of the Canaanite branch of Northwest Semitic.
Such features can be used as data of fundamental importance for the purposes of linguistic classification.
Isographs
Just as there are distinguishing features of related languages, there are also distinguishing features of related scripts.[5]
For example, a distinguishing feature of the Iron Age Old Hebrew script is that the letters bet, dalet, ayin and resh do not have an open head, but contemporary Aramaic has open-headed forms. Similarly, the bet of Old Hebrew has a distinctive stance (it leans to the right), but the bet of the Aramaic and Phoenician scripts series has a different stance (in both, it leans to the left).
In 2006, Christopher Rollston suggested using the term isograph to designate a feature of the script that distinguishes it from a related script series, such as a feature that distinguishes the script of Old Hebrew from Old Aramaic and Phoenician.[6]
See also
Areal feature– Linguistic feature arising through language contact rather than common descent
Dialect– Geographically or socially determined language variety
Dialectology– Scientific study of linguistic dialect
Dialect continuum– Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
Cultural boundary– Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Language border– Geolinguistic boundary between mutually intelligible speech communities
Joret line– isogloss between langues d'oïl in Northern FrancePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Sprachbund– Group of languages sharing areal features
Sihler, Andrew L. (2000). Language History. Current issues in linguistic theory. Vol.191. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. p.170. ISBN90-272-3698-4.
Rollston, Christopher A. (2006). "Scribal Education in Ancient Israel: The Old Hebrew Epigraphic Evidence". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 344: 47–74. doi:10.1086/BASOR25066977. S2CID160670117.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Isogloss, and is written by contributors.
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