Elias Briggs Baldwin (June 17, 1834 – March 26, 1921) was a Union Army lieutenant colonel, later Provost Marshal, and pioneer of Labette County, Kansas. He is best remembered for his part in the Huntsville Massacre that occurred on January 10, 1863, near Huntsville, Arkansas.

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Elias Briggs Baldwin
Born	(1834-06-17)June 17, 1834 Dutchess County, New York
Died	March 26, 1921(1921-03-26) (aged 86) Oswego, Kansas
Allegiance	United States Union
Branch	United States Army Union Army
Rank	Lieutenant colonel
Unit	36th Illinois Infantry Regiment
Commands held	8th Regiment Missouri Volunteer Cavalry
Battles/wars	American Civil War

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Baldwin was born in Dutchess County, New York, and was raised on the family farm there. He attended high school in Red Creek, New York, and later taught school in both Rhode Island and Connecticut. On April 13, 1861, he joined the Union Army along with his four brothers, one of whom would be killed in action at the Battle of Resaca. He was initially elected as captain for Company C, 36th Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry. The regiment was dispatched to Missouri, and in February 1862, he was made quartermaster. In August, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel over the 8th Regiment Missouri Volunteer Cavalry.

While serving under the command of Union General Francis Herron, in Huntsville, Arkansas, Baldwin had nine local men executed on January 10, 1863, for reasons that remain unknown. That has become known as the "Huntsville Massacre." Baldwin was later arrested for that event and charged with "violation of the 6th Article of War for the murder of prisoners of war." He was transported to Springfield, Missouri and was held for trial. However, many of the witnesses were found to be on active duty and unable to attend the trial, and many local civilian witnesses had been displaced or were otherwise unable to make the trip to Springfield, which caused the charges against to be dropped. Nevertheless, Baldwin was dismissed from the army. By 1870, he was residing in Labette County, Kansas. He died in Oswego, Kansas on March 26, 1921.

• Case, Nelson (1901). History of Labette County, Kansas, and representative citizens. Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. Chicago, Biographical Pub. Co. pp. 395–397.
• Hatfield, Kevin. "Huntsville Massacre". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2023-01-27.