Demographics_of_United_States

Demographics of the United States

Demographics of the United States

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The United States had an official estimated resident population of 334,914,895 on July 1, 2023, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.[12] This figure includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia but excludes the population of five unincorporated U.S. territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) as well as several minor island possessions. The United States is the third most populous country in the world, and the most populous in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere.[13] The Census Bureau showed a population increase of 0.4% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2022,[12] below the world average annual rate of 0.9%.[14] The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2022 is 1.665 children per woman,[3] which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1.

Quick Facts United States, Population ...

The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century – at a growth rate of about 1.3% a year – from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000.[15] It is estimated to have reached the 200 million mark in 1967, and the 300 million mark on October 17, 2006.[15][16] Foreign-born immigration caused the U.S. population to continue its rapid increase, with the foreign-born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 45 million in 2015,[17] representing one-third of the population increase.[18] The U.S. population grew by 1.6 million from 2018 to 2019, with 38% of growth from immigration.[19] Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureau's 2020 estimation, 50% of U.S. children under the age of 18 are members of ethnic minority groups.[20] As of 2020, white people numbered 235,411,507 or 71% of the population, including people who identified as white in combination with another race. People who identified as white alone (including Hispanic whites) numbered 204,277,273 or 61.6% of the population and Non-Latino whites made up 57.8% of the country's population.[21]

Latino Americans accounted for 51.1% of the total national population growth between 2010 and 2020.[22] The Hispanic or Latino population increased from 50.5 million in 2010 to 62.1 million in 2020: a 23% increase and a numerical increase of more than 11.6 million.[22] Immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants are expected to provide most of the U.S. population gains in the decades ahead.[23]

Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial group in America, with a growth rate of 35%. However, multi-racial Asian Americans are the fastest growing group in the country, with a growth rate of 55%, reflecting the increase of mixed-race marriages in the United States.[24][25]

As of 2022, births to White American mothers remain around 50% of the US total, reflecting a decline of 3% compared to 2021.[26] In the same time period, births to Asian American and Hispanic women increased by 2% and 6%, respectively.[27]

The 12 month ending general fertility rate increased from 56.6 to 57.0 in 2022 Q1 compared to 2021 Q4.[28]

Population

On April 1, 2020, the United States had a population of 331,449,281, according to the 2020 United States census.[29]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook estimated as of 2018,[5] unless otherwise indicated.

Note: Population estimate of United States excluding overseas armed forces.[30][31]

Population pyramid by race of the United States over time from 1900 to 2020

Age and sex distribution

Proportion of Americans under the age of 18 in each county of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
Proportion of Americans under the age of 5 in each county of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
More information age (years), total (in thousands) ...

Age distribution by selected age groups.[32]

  • 0 – 14 years: 18.2%
  • 15 – 24 years: 13.0%
  • 25 – 54 years: 39.0%
  • 55 – 64 years: 12.9%
  • 65 years and over: 16.8%
Median Age by County 2022
  46 or more
  43 to 45.9
  39 to 42.9
  35 to 39.9
  34.9 or less

The median age of the total population as of 2021 is 38.8 years; the male median age is 37.7 years; the female median age is 39.8 years.[32]

Birth rate

More information Census, Pop. ...
  • 12.023 births/1,000 population (2023)[3] Country comparison to the world: 151st[33]

Death rate

  • 10.45 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)[34] Country comparison to the world: 78th[33]
  • 8.81 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est)*[35] *age-adjusted death rate

Total fertility rate (TFR)

TFR of the United States overtime from 1820 to 2016

In 1800 the average U.S. woman had 7.04 children;[36] by the first decade of the 1900s, this number had already decreased to 3.56.[37] Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.72 children per woman in 2018.[38]

The drop in the U.S. fertility rate from 2.08 per woman in 2007 to 1.76 in 2017 was mostly due to the declining birth rate of Hispanics, teenagers, and young women, although the birth rate for older women rose.[39]

  • 1.664 children born/woman (2021).[40]

Mother's mean age at first birth

Percentage of women childless by age cohort in the US over time
  • 27.1 years (2020 est.)[40]

Dependency ratio

Bi-variate choropleth map comparing the estimated percent of the population 65 and older and 17 and younger in the Contiguous United States by county, 2020

The dependency ratio is the age-population ratio of people who are normally not in the labor force (the dependent population, which includes those aged 0 to 14 and 65 and older) to those who are (the productive part, ages 15 to 64). It is used to gauge the strain on the populace that is productive. The support ratio is the ratio of the working-age population to the elderly population, that is, the reciprocal of the aged dependency ratio.

  • Total dependency ratio: 54.03% (2021)[32] Country comparison to the world*: 110th[41]
  • Child dependency ratio: 28.11% (2021) Country comparison to the world*: 138th
  • Aged dependency ratio: 25.92% (2021) Country comparison to the world*: 42nd
  • Potential support ratio: 3.86 (2021) Country comparison to the world*: 160th

*Ratios are ranked from highest to lowest by country

Life expectancy in the United States since 1880
Life expectancy in the United States since 1960 by gender

Life expectancy

See also: List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy
  • Total population: 80.8 years (2023),[42][43] 76.1 years (2021), 77.0 years (2020)[44]
  • Male: 78.5 years (2023),[42][43] 73.2 years (2021), 74.2 years (2020)
  • Female: 82.9 years (2023),[42][43] 79.9 years (2021), 79.9 years (2020)

The average life expectancy in the United States has been on a decline since 2014. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cites three main reasons: a 72% increase in overdoses in the last decade (including a 30% increase in opioid overdoses from July 2016 to September 2017, but did not differentiate between accidental overdose with a legal prescription and overdose with opioids obtained illegally and/or combined with illegal drugs i.e., heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, etc.), a ten-year increase in liver disease (the rate for men age 25 to 34 increased by 8% per year; for women, by 11% per year), and a 33% increase in suicide rates since 1999.[45]

From 2019 to 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to approximately 61% of the decrease in life expectancy in the United States.[46] While increases in mortality from unintentional injuries, heart disease, homicide, and diabetes contributed to 11.7%, 5.8%, 2.9%, and 2.8% of the decrease in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020, respectively.[46] Life expectancy has also varied by racial and ethnic group, with Non-Hispanic Asians having the highest life expectancy and Non-Hispanic American Indians having the lowest.[46] In 2021, life expectancy at birth in the United States fell for the second year in a row, the first two-year drop since 1961–1963.[47]

Number of persons per square kilometer in the United States in 2010
States and territories in the United States by population per square mile, according to the 2020 United States census
Counties in the United States by population growth since 2010 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 Annual Estimate of the Resident Population.[48] Counties with population growth greater than the United States as a whole are in dark green, counties with population growth slower than the United States in light green, and counties with declining populations in light red.
States in the United States by population growth since 2010 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 2018 Annual Estimate of the Resident Population.[48] States with population growth greater than the United States as a whole are in dark green, states with population growth slower than the United States in light green, and states with declining populations in light red.
More information Race, Male LEB in 2021 ...

NOTE: Life expectancy at birth data for 2021 are provisional.*

  • NH = Non-Hispanic.
  • LEB = Life expectancy at birth
  • Growth arrows (Increase/Decrease) indicate an increase or decrease in total life expectancy compared to years before.

Life tables

More information Females, Males ...

Density

See also: List of states and territories of the United States by population density and List of United States cities by population density

The most densely populated state is New Jersey (1,263/mi2 or 488/km2).

The population is highly urbanized, with 82.3% of the population residing in cities and suburbs.[5] Large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the United States (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western tier states; mountainous areas, principally the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian chain, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prairie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast – with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage – and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu.[5] California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward.[49][50] New York City is the most populous city in the United States[51] and has been since at least 1790.

In the U.S. territories, population centers include the San Juan metro area in Puerto Rico,[52] Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands,[53] and the island of Tutuila in American Samoa.[54]

Growth rate

  • Population growth rate: 0.12%.[32] Country comparison to the world: 130th

Births and fertility by race

A total of 3,659,289 babies were born in 2021, a 1% increase from 2020. Additionally, researchers also looked at births by race and found that White and Hispanic women each saw the number of births increase by about 2% from 2020 to 2021. Meanwhile, Black and Asian women saw the number of births decline by 2.4% and 2.5%, respectively, over the same period, while American Indian/Alaskan Native women saw their numbers fall by 3.2%.[55] It also marks the first rise in births since 2014. Prior to this report, the total number of births had been decreasing by an average of 2% per year.[55] However, the total fertility rate (the number of births that the average women have over their lifetimes) was 1,663.5 births per every woman. This is still below the replacement level, the level a population needs to replace itself, which is, at least, 2,100 births per woman.[55]

More information General Fertility Rate: 15–44 years, 2020 Q1 ...
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More information Race and Hispanic origin of mother and year, January–June ...
More information Race and Hispanic origin of mother and year, January–June ...

U.S.-born people

Note: Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Also note that growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate.[61][62][63][64]

More information Race of mother, Number of births in 2016 ...

NOTE:

  • NH = Non-Hispanic.
  • TFR = Total fertility rate (number of children born per woman).
  • Growth arrows (Increase/Decrease) indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate, comparing to the previous year.
More information Ethnicity of mother, Number of births in 2016 ...
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Percent of births to White Non-Hispanic women that were their 8th+ child, by US state, in 2021

New York: 2.21%, New Jersey: 1.7%, Wisconsin: 1.04%, Arkansas: 1.02%, Montana: 0.86%, Ohio: 0.85%, Iowa: 0.84%, Pennsylvania: 0.82%, Kansas: 0.76%, Kentucky: 0.76%, Utah: 0.75%, Minnesota: 0.75%, Indiana: 0.72%, Wyoming: 0.72%, Mississippi: 0.7%, Michigan: 0.7%, Idaho 0.65%, West Virginia: 0.64%, Arizona: 0.62%, North Dakota 0.59%, South Dakota 0.54%, Arkansas 0.51%, New Mexico: 0.50%, Maryland: 0.49%, Oregon: 0.46%, Michigan: 0.44%, Oklahoma: 0.44%, Florida: 0.43%, Tennessee: 0.42%, Virginia: 0.41%, Illinois: 0.40%, Nevada: 0.40%, West Virginia: 0.39%, Delaware: 0.38%, Georgia: 0.36%, Nebraska: 0.36%, Texas: 0.33%, Alabama: 0.33%, Missouri: 0.32%, Vermont: 0.31%, South Carolina: 0.30%, California: 0.29%, Colorado: 0.29%, North Carolina: 0.25%, Alaska: 0.25%, Connecticut: 0.20%, New Hampshire: 0.19%, Massachusetts: 0.17%.

Immigration

More information Country, Immigrants ...
Foreign born population percentage in the US over time from 1850 to 2020
Main article: Immigration to the United States

In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents (including many eligible to become citizens), 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.[67] Among current living immigrants to the U.S., the top five countries of birth are Mexico (25% of immigrants), China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (5%) and El Salvador (3%). Some 13% of current living immigrants come from Europe and Canada, and 10% from the Caribbean.[67] Among new arrivals, Asian immigrants have been more numerous than Hispanic immigrants since 2010; in 2017, 37.4% of immigrant arrivals were Asian, and 26.6% were Hispanic.[67] Until 2017 and 2018, the United States led the world in refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.[68] From fiscal year 1980 until 2017, 55% of refugees came from Asia, 27% from Europe, 13% from Africa, and 4% from Latin America, fleeing war and persecution.[68]

  • Net migration rate (2022): 3.02 migrants/1,000 population.[33] Country comparison to the world: 35th[33]
  • Net migration rate* (2020-2021): 0.73 migrants/1,000 population.[69]

*(mid-year estimates)

As of 2017, 13.6% (44.4 million) of the population was foreign born – an increase from 4.7% in 1970 but less than the 1890 record of 14.8%. 45% of the foreign born population were naturalized US citizens. 23% (10.3 million) of the foreign born community is undocumented, accounting for 3.2% of the total population.[67] According to the 2010 census, Latin America and the Caribbean is the largest region-of-birth group, accounting for 53% of the foreign born population. As of 2018 this region is still the largest source of immigrants to the United States[70][71][72] In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and U.S. born children of immigrants (second-generation Americans) in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.[73] In 2018, 1,096,611 immigrants were granted either permanent or temporary legal residence in the United States[74]

More information Country ...
More information Region ...
More information Class of Admission (Adjustments of Status and New Arrivals) ...

Vital statistics

Births, deaths and natural increase in the United States 1935–2021
Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships in the US, 1970–2000
Median age at first marriage in the US
See also: Birth rate § United States

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2021, the population of the United States grew at a slower rate than in any other year since the country's founding.[78] The U.S. population grew only 0.1% from the previous year before.[78] The United States' population has grown by less than one million people for the first time since 1937, with the lowest numeric growth since at least 1900, when the Census Bureau began yearly population estimates.[78] Apart from the previous few years, when population growth plummeted to historically low levels, the slowest pace of increase in the twentieth century occurred between 1918 and 1919, when the influenza epidemic and World War I were both in full swing.[78] Slower population growth has been the norm in the United States for some years, owing to lower fertility and net international migration, as well as rising mortality from an aging population.[78]

To put it another way, since the mid-2010s, births and net international migration have been dropping while deaths have risen. These trends have a cumulative effect of reduced population increase.[78]

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this trend, resulting in a historically slow population increase in 2021.

The growth rate is 0.1% as estimated for 2021.[78]

The birth rate is 11.0 births/1,000 population, as of 2020.[40] This was the lowest birth rate since records began. There were 3,613,647 births in 2020, this was the lowest number of births since 1980.[40]

11.0 births/1,000 population per year (final data for 2020).
11.4 births/1,000 population per year (final data for 2019).[40]

In 2020, the CDC reported that there were 1,676,911 marriages in 2020, compared to 2019, there were 2,015,603 marriages.[79] Marriage rates varied significantly by state, ranging from 3.2 marriages/1,000 population in California to 21.0 marriages/1,000 population in Nevada.*[80]

  • 5.1 marriages/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2020).[79]
  • 6.1 marriages/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2019).[79]

*Rates are based on provisional counts of marriages by state of occurrence

In 2009, Time magazine reported that 40% of births were to unmarried women.[81] The following is a breakdown by race for unwed births: 17% Asian, 29% White, 53% Hispanics (of any race), 66% Native Americans, and 72% Black American.[82]

According to the CDC, in 2020, there were at least, 1,461,121 births to unmarried women. In 2020, 40.5% of births were to unmarried women. The following is breakdown by race for unwed births: 28.4% Non-Hispanic White, 70.4% Non-Hispanic Black, and 52.8% Hispanic (of any race).[83]

The drop in the birth rate from 2007 to 2009 is believed to be associated with the Great Recession.[84]

A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that more than half (51 percent) of live hospital births in 2008 and 2011 were male.[85]

Per U.S. federal government data released in March 2011, births fell 4% from 2007 to 2009, the largest drop in the U.S. for any two-year period since the 1970s.[86] Births have declined for three consecutive years, and are now 7% below the peak in 2007.[87] This drop has continued through 2010, according to data released by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics in June 2011.[87] Numerous experts have suggested that this decline is largely a reflection of unfavorable economic conditions.[88] This connection between birth rates and economic downturns partly stems from the fact that American birth rates have now fallen to levels that are comparable to the Great Depression of the 1930s.[89] Teen birth rates in the U.S. are at the lowest level in U.S. history.[90] In fact, teen birth rates in the U.S. have consistently decreased since 1991 through 2011, except for a brief increase between 2005 and 2007.[90] The other aberration from this otherwise steady decline in teen birth rates is the 6% decrease in birth rates for 15- to 19-year-olds between 2008 and 2009.[90] Despite these years of decrease, U.S. teen birth rates are still higher than in other developed nations.[90] Racial differences prevail with teen birth and pregnancy rates as well. The American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black teen pregnancy rates are more than double the non-Hispanic white teen birth rate.[91]

More information Age group (2010), Total (of population) ...

U.S. demographic table, 1935–2023

[92][30][31]

More information Average population, Live births ...

p = provisional data

Current vital statistics

[108]

More information Period, Live births ...

All current numbers in this section are provisional and may change through future updates. For more information, please see the reference link (CDC WONDER).

U.S. projected population table

The United States Census Bureau's 2017 projections were produced using the cohort-component method. In the cohort-component method, the components of population change (fertility, mortality, and net migration) are projected separately for each birth cohort (persons born in a given year). The base population is advanced each year by using projected survival rates and net international migration. Each year, a new birth cohort is added to the population by applying the projected fertility rates to the female population.

Observed and Total Population for the States, 2030-2040[109]
States Total Population
2030 2040
Alabama 5,029,833 5,056,796
Alaska 792,188 819,954
Arizona 8,238,407 9,166,279
Arkansas 3,155,798 3,217,535
California 43,751,116 46,467,001
Colorado 6,766,983 7,692,907
Connecticut 3,601,202 3,542,707
Delaware 1,082,192 1,164,344
District of Columbia 888,891 1,058,820
Florida 25,372,664 28,886,983
Georgia 11,835,126 12,820,271
Hawaii 1,548,831 1,619,703
Idaho 2,008,329 2,227,842
Illinois 12,709,901 12,397,564
Indiana 6,978,254 7,095,000
Iowa 3,317,412 3,392,783
Kansas 3,011,782 3,032,653
Kentucky 4,648,190 4,714,761
Louisiana 4,945,783 5,062,780
Maine 1,344,841 1,326,159
Maryland 6,553,548 6,842,902
Massachusetts 7,420,882 7,742,628
Michigan 10,068,941 9,960,115
Minnesota 6,070,551 6,364,886
Mississippi 3,003,963 2,962,160
Missouri 6,318,126 6,359,970
Montana 1,163,353 1,236,304
Nebraska 2,089,841 2,190,918
Nevada 3,591,043 4,058,371
New Hampshire 1,385,799 1,393,451
New Jersey 9,363,317 9,470,012
New Mexico 2,132,823 2,127,318
New York 20,638,066 20,873,488
North Carolina 11,673,849 12,658,927
North Dakota 923,452 1,060,457
Ohio 11,837,405 11,751,540
Oklahoma 4,253,604 4,439,038
Oregon 4,738,074 5,164,041
Pennsylvania 12,946,245 12,809,150
Rhode Island 1,068,663 1,055,318
South Carolina 5,792,247 6,352,502
South Dakota 973,361 1,043,032
Tennessee 7,395,106 7,823,662
Texas 34,738,482 40,015,913
Utah 3,786,963 4,344,339
Vermont 617,969 601,865
Virginia 9,331,666 9,876,728
Washington 8,746,493 9,776,126
West Virginia 1,746,577 1,661,849
Wisconsin 5,971,617 5,997,137
Wyoming 605,972 615,787
More information Year, Population ...

Since 1790

Main articles: Demographic history of the United States and History of immigration to the United States
More information Census, Pop. ...

In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, there were 66.8 million white Americans in the United States, representing 88% of the total population,[115] 8.8 million Black Americans, with about 90% of them still living in Southern states,[116] and slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics.[117]

Under the law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,[118] the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has increased,[119] from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.[120] Around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s.[121]

In 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest U.S. cities.[122] The Census Bureau reported that minorities (including Hispanic whites) made up 50.4% of the children born in the U.S. between July 2010 and July 2011,[123] compared to 37% in 1990.[124]

In 2014, the state with the lowest fertility rate was Rhode Island, with a rate of 1.56, while Utah had the greatest rate with a rate of 2.33.[61] This correlates with the ages of the states' populations: Rhode Island has the ninth-oldest median age in the US – 39.2 – while Utah has the youngest – 29.0.[125]

In 2017, the U.S. birth rate remains well below the replacement level needed – at least 2.1 children per woman so as not to experience population decreases – as white American births fell in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Among non-Hispanic white women, no states had a fertility rate above the replacement level. Among non-Hispanic Black women, 12 states reached above the replacement level needed. Among Hispanic women, 29 states did.[126] For non-Hispanic white women, the highest total fertility rate was in Utah, at 2.099, and the lowest in the District of Columbia, at 1.012. Among non-Hispanic Black women, the highest total fertility rate was in Maine, at 4.003, and the lowest in Wyoming, at 1.146. For Hispanic women, the highest total fertility rate was in Alabama, at 3.085, and the lowest in Vermont, at 1.200, and Maine, at 1.281.[126][127] Due to the aging and low birth rates among white people, deaths now outnumber births among white people (non-Hispanic) in more than half the states in the country.[128]

In 2018, U.S. births fell to the lowest level in 32 years.[129]

Median age of the population

Median age of the U.S. population through history. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census, United States Census Bureau and The World Factbook.[95][130]

More information Years ...
More information Years ...

Vital statistics

States in the US shown with population change 2010 to 2020 census[131]
  -2.00% or less
  -0.01% to -1.99%
  0% to 0.99%
  1% to 2.49%
  2.5% to 4.99%
  5% to 8.99%
  9% to 11.99%
  12% or more
One person households in the US over time
See also: Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States § Vital statistics of racial and ethnic Groups (since 1990)

The U.S. total fertility rate as of 2020 is 1.641[40]

Other:[61]

(Note that ≈95% of Hispanics are included as "white Hispanics" by CDC, which does not recognize the Census's "Some other race" category and counts people in that category as white.)

Source: National Vital statistics report based on 2010 US Census data[132]

Total Fertility Rates from 1800 to 2010

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. Sources: Ansley J. Coale, Zelnik and National Center for Health Statistics.[133]

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Life expectancy at birth from 1901 to 2015

Life expectancy in the United States from 1901 to 2015. Source: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1901–1950

More information Years ...
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More information Years ...
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More information Years ...

1901–2015

More information Period, Life expectancy in Years ...

Source: UN World Population Prospects[136]

Percent distribution of the total population by age: 1900 to 2015

Population pyramid of United States in 1950

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, United Nations medium variant projections.[137][138]

More information Ages ...

Population centers

Main article: Metropolitan statistical area
See also: List of United States cities by population and Cities and metropolitan areas of the United States

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 31 "global cities"[139] of all types, with 10 in the "alpha" group of global cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Boston, San Francisco, Miami, Philadelphia, Dallas, and Atlanta.[140] As of 2021, the United States had 56 metropolitan areas with 1 million or more inhabitants. (The U.S. Census Bureau ranked Urban Honolulu as the 56th most populous area, with just over 1 million residents. See Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.)

As of 2011, about 250 million Americans live in or around urban areas. That means more than three-quarters of the U.S. population shares just about three percent of the U.S. land area.[141]

The following table shows the populations of the top twenty metropolitan areas. Note Denver and Baltimore have over 2.5 million residents in their metro areas, and the San Juan (Puerto Rico) metro area has more than 2 million residents.[142]

More information Rank, Name ...

Race and ethnicity

Main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States
Further information: Americans, Racism in the United States, and Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
More information Race / Ethnicity, Pop 2000 ...

Racial and ethnic groups in the United States (2020 census)[147]

  White Americans* (57.8%)
  Latino Americans** (18.7%)
  Black Americans* (12.1%)
  Asian Americans* (5.9%)
  Two or more races* (4.1%)
  Native Americans* (0.7%)
  Some other race* (0.5%)
  Pacific Islander Americans* (0.2%)

*NHL
**OAR

Racial groups in the United States (2020 census) including racial identification of Latinos[148]

  White Americans (61.6%)
  Black Americans (12.4%)
  Two or more races (10.2%)
  Some other race (8.4%)
  Asian Americans (6.0%)
  Native Americans (1.1%)
  Pacific Islander Americans (0.2%)
U.S. race by Hispanic origin demographics from 1940 to 2020
Ethnic origins in the United States
Ethno-racial makeup of the United States by single year ages from 1990 to 2020
Ethno-racial makeup of the United States by single year ages in 2020
Counties in the United States by percentage of the population which is non-Hispanic or Latino and/or non-white according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[149] Counties with larger populations of Hispanic/Latino and/or non-white than the United States as a whole are in full purple.
States in the United States by Hispanic/Latino and/or non-white population according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[149] States with larger Hispanic/Latino and/or non-white populations than the United States as a whole are in full purple.

Race

Population pyramid by race/ethnicity in 2020

The United States Census Bureau collects racial data in accordance with guidelines provided by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and these data are based on self-identification. Many other countries count multiple races based on origin while America compiles multiple dozens of ethnicity groups into skin color grouping them together.[150] The racial classifications and definitions used by the U.S. Census Bureau are:[151]

  • White: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.[152] It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as English, Iranian, Irish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.
  • Black or African American: a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.[152] It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am." or report entries such as African American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.
  • American Indian or Alaska Native: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.[152] This category includes people who indicate their race as "American Indian or Alaska Native" or report entries such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup'ik, Central American Indian groups, or South American Indian groups.
  • Asian: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.[152]
  • Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.[152]
  • Some other race: includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian or Alaska Native", "Asian", and "Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander" racial categories described above includes Asians from West Asia or Russia (non-European Russia) and White Africans
  • Two or more races: people may choose to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, providing multiple responses, or some combination of check boxes and other responses.

Data about race and ethnicity are self-reported to the Census Bureau. Since the 2000 census, Congress has authorized people to identify themselves according to more than one racial classification by selecting more than one category. Only one ethnicity may be selected, however, because the Census Bureau recognizes only two ethnicities – Hispanic and Non-Hispanic – which are mutually exclusive since you can be one or the other, but not both. The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic" as any person who has an ancestral connection to Latin America.

According to the Census Bureau website, the racial composition of the United States in 2021 was:[153]

More information Race (2021), Population ...

According to the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, the racial composition of the United States in 2017 was:[154]

More information Race, Population (2017 est.) ...
Distribution of Total Population by Race, 1900 to 2020 (in %)

Hispanic are shown like part of the races. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.[137][130]

More information Years, 2000* ...

*Data are shown for the White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Some other race alone populations.

Median age by each race alone & ethnicity, 2021

Source: United States Census Bureau.[155]

More information Race, Median age (both sexes) (years) ...
Median age by race alone or in combination & ethnicity, 2021

Source: United States Census Bureau.[155]

More information Race, Median age (both sexes) (years) ...
More information Race/ethnicity, White ...
More information State or territory, Population (2015 est.) ...
More information Territory, Population (2010 est.) ...
More information Year, White Alone ...
Main article: Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity
More information Year, White ...
More information Year, White ...
More information Age group, 85+ ...

Hispanic or Latino origin

CensusViewer US 2010 Census Latino Population as a heatmap by census tract
Main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines "Hispanic or Latino" as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. People who identify with the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the decennial census questionnaire and various Census Bureau survey questionnaires – "Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano" or "Puerto Rican" or "Cuban" – as well as those who indicate that they are "another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin."[163] People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[151]

More information Hispanic or Latino and Race, Population (2015 est.) ...
Population distribution by Hispanic origin 1970–2020 (in %)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1970 (5-percent sample), 1980 to 2020.[130]

More information Years ...
Median age of each race alone, 2021 (Hispanic)

Source: United States Census Bureau.[155]

More information Race, Median age (both sex) (years) ...
Median age of each race alone or in combination, 2021 (Hispanic)

Source: United States Census Bureau.[155]

More information Race, Median age (both sex) (years) ...

Note: Hispanic origin is considered an ethnicity, not a race. Hispanics may be of any race.

Indigenous peoples

Main article: Native Americans in the United States

As of 2020, there are 9,666,058 people identifying as American Indian and Alaska Native people in the United States[164] representing around 3% of the U.S. population. There are 573 federally recognized tribal governments[165] in the United States. As of 2000, the largest groups in the United States by population were Navajo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Sioux, Chippewa, Apache, Blackfeet, Iroquois, and Pueblo. In 2020, Aztecs were the largest Native American group alone, while Cherokee were the largest group in combination with any other group.[166][167]

Other groups

There were 22.1 million veterans in 2009,[168] meaning that less than 10% of Americans served in the Armed Forces.[169]

In 2010, The Washington Post estimated that there were 11 million undocumented immigrants in the country.[170] As of 2017, Pew Research reported that there an estimated 10.5 million undocumented immigrants in the U.S.[171]

There were about 2 million people in prison in 2010.[172]

Projections

U.S. Census Population projections (2012)[173]
20152050
White Americans177.4%70.8%
> Non-Hispanic Whites61.8%46.6%
Black Americans113.2%14.4%
Asian Americans15.3%7.7%
Multiracial Americans12.6%5.4%
Hispanics/Latinos (of any race)17.8%28.0%
1 Including Hispanics

A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of Whites between 2010 and 2050, from 79.5% to 74.0%.[174] At the same time, Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up a majority of the population by 2045, but will remain the largest single ethnic group. In 2050 they will compose 46.3% of the population. Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[175] However, white Americans overall are still projected to make up over 70% of the population in 2050.

The report foresees the Hispanic or Latino population rising from 16% today to 30% by 2050, the Black percentage barely rising from 13.2% to 14.4%, and Asian Americans upping their 4.6% share to 7.8%. The United States had a population of 310 million people in October 2010, and is projected to reach 400 million by 2039 and 439 million in 2050.[176][177][178][179] It is further projected that 82% of the increase in population from 2005 to 2050 will be due to immigrants and their children.[180]

Of the nation's children in 2050, 62% are expected to be of a minority ethnicity, up from 44% today. Approximately 39% are projected to be Hispanic or Latino (up from 22% in 2008), and 38% are projected to be single-race, non-Hispanic Whites (down from 56% in 2008).[181] Racial and ethnic minorities surpassed non-Hispanic whites as the largest group of U.S. children under 5 years old in 2015.[182]

The fastest growing racial group in America is Asian Americans with a growth rate of 35%, however the multi-racial mixed Asian group is growing even faster, with a growth rate of 55%. Multi-racial Asians are therefore the fastest growing demographic group in America.[25][24]

In 2020, it was reported that 51.0% of births were to non-Hispanic white mothers.[132] In 2021, the percentage increased to 51.5%.[132][183] However, by 2022 the rate of births to white mothers had declined by 3%, dropping to 50% of all total births. In the same period, the rate of births to Asian and Hispanic women increased by 2% and 6%, respectively.[27][26]

Pew Research Center projections

The United Nations projects a population of just over 400 million in 2060.[184]

Pew Research Center projections (2008)[185]
196020052050
White Americans85%67%47%
Hispanic Americans3.5%14%29%
Black Americans11%13%14%
Asian Americans0.6%5%9%
Note: All races modified and not Hispanic; American Indian/Alaska Native not shown.

The country's racial profile will be vastly different, and although whites will remain the single largest ethnic group in the U.S., they will no longer be a majority excluding White Hispanics by 2055 according to Pew Research Center. Growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations is predicted to almost triple over the next 40 years. By 2055, the breakdown is estimated to be 48% non-Hispanic white, 24% Hispanic, 16% Black, and 14% Asian.[184]

As of 2015, 14% of the United States' population is foreign born, compared to just 5% in 1965. Nearly 39 million immigrants have come to the U.S. since 1965, with most coming from Asia and Latin America. The 2015 Census Report predicts that the percentage of the U.S. population that is foreign-born will continue to increase, reaching 19% by 2060. This increase in the foreign-born population will account for a large share of the overall population growth.[184]

The average person in the U.S. of 2060 is likely to be older than the average person of 2018 today, and almost one in four people will be 65 or older.[184]

U.S. Census Census Bureau projections

Percent minority 1970–2042 (2008 projections)
[130]
More information Years ...

Note: "Minority" refers to people who reported their ethnicity and race as something other than non-Hispanic White alone in the decennial census.

Total US population
More information Year, Projection (Census Bureau) (thousands) ...

Ancestries

Most common ancestry group in the United States by county
More information Ancestry by origin, Number as of 2022 ...

Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States

Religious affiliations

Religion in the United States (2023)[188]

  Protestantism (41%)
  Catholicism (18%)
  Other Christian (2%)
  Unaffiliated (31%)
  Jewish (2%)
  Muslim (1%)
  Buddhist (1%)
  Hindu (1%)
  Other religion (2%)

The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau. It only includes the voluntary self-reported membership of religious bodies with 750,000 or more. The definition of a member is determined by each religious body.[189] In 2004, the US census bureau reported that about 13% of the population did not identify themselves as a member of any religion.[190][clarification needed]

In a Pew Research Survey performed in 2012, Americans without a religion (atheists, agnostics, nothing in particular, etc.) approached the numbers of Evangelical Protestant Americans with almost 20% of Americans being nonreligious (compared to just over 26% being Evangelical Protestant). If this current growth rate continues, by 2050, around 51% of Americans will not have a religion.[191]

Surveys conducted in 2014 and 2019 by Pew indicated that the percentage of Americans unaffiliated with a religion increased from 16% in 2007 to 23% in 2014 and 26% of the population in 2019.[192][193]

According to statistical data made by the Pew Research Center in 2021 about 63% of the US population is Christian, 28% is Unaffiliated, 2% is Jewish, 1% follows Buddhism, 1% follows Hinduism, 1% follows Islam and 2% follow traditional religions and others. Currently, the United States has the largest Christian population in the world (approximately 230-250 million) and the largest Protestant Christian population (approximately 150-160 million). The country also has the second largest Jewish community in the world (after Israel) and the largest Buddhist and Hindu communities in the West, as well as the largest number of followers of Islam in North America. The country has about 64 million non-affiliates (only China and Japan have more).[citation needed][194]

More information Religious body, Year reported ...
  • Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average, 2001
  • Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than "no religion", 2014
  • Plurality religion by state, 2001. Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii.

According to Pew Research Center study released in 2018, by 2040, Islam will surpass Judaism to become the second largest religion in the US due to higher immigration and birth rates.[220]

Religions of U.S. adults

Main article: Religion in the United States

The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281.

Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?". Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one-third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.

Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008[221]
Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.

More information Group, 1990adults × 1,000 ...
  • States in the United States by Catholic population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[222] States with Catholic population greater than the United States as a whole are in full red.
  • States in the United States by Evangelical Protestant population according to the Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Survey.[222] States with Evangelical Protestant populations greater than the United States as a whole are in full orange.

LGBT population

Main article: LGBT demographics of the United States

The 2000 U.S. Census counted same-sex couples in an oblique way; asking the sex and the relationship to the "main householder", whose sex was also asked. Community Marketing & Insights, an organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data, reported, based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey, that same-sex couples comprised between 1.0% and 1.1% of U.S. couples in 2000.[223] A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same-sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005, from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005.[224] A 2006 UCLA study reported that 4.1% of Americans aged 18–45 identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[225]

A 2011 report by the Williams Institute estimated that nine million adults identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, representing 3.5% of the population over 18.[226] A spokesperson said that, until recently, few studies have tried to distinguish people who had occasionally undertaken homosexual behavior or entertained homosexual thoughts, from people who identified as lesbian or gay.[227] (Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.)

Foreign-born population

As of 2017, an estimated 44,525,458 residents of the United States were foreign-born,[228] 13.5% of the country's total population. This demographic includes recent as well as longstanding immigrants; statistically Europeans have resided in the US longer than those from other regions with approximately 66% having arrived prior to 2000.[229]

More information Place of birth, Estimate ...

Citizens living abroad

Further information: Emigration from the United States

As of April 2015, the U.S. State Department estimated that 8.7 million American citizens live overseas. Americans living abroad are not counted in the U.S. Census unless they are federal government employees or dependents of a federal employee.[230] A 2010 paper estimated the number of civilian Americans living abroad to be around 4 million.[231] So-called "accidental Americans" are citizens of a country other than the United States who may also be considered U.S. citizens or be eligible for U.S. citizenship under specific laws but are not aware of having such status (or became aware of it only recently).[232]

As of 2022, 1.6 million U.S. Americans live in Mexico, according to the State Department.[233]

Economics

See also: Economy of the United States

Income

Main articles: Household income in the United States, Personal income in the United States, Affluence in the United States, and Income inequality in the United States

In 2020, the median household income in the United States was around $67,521, 2.9 percent less than the 2019 median of $69,560.[234] Household and personal income depends on variables such as race, number of income earners, educational attainment and marital status.

More information Type of household, Race and Hispanic origin ...
More information Age of Householder, Nativity of Householder ...
More information Total workers, Full-Time, year-round workers ...
More information Measure, Overall ...
More information 10th percentile, 20th percentile ...
  • Counties in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[238] Counties with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.
  • States in the United States by the percentage of the over 25-year-old population with bachelor's degrees according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[238] States with higher percentages of bachelor's degrees than the United States as a whole are in full orange.
  • Counties in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[239] Counties with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
  • States in the United States by per capita income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[239] States with per capita incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
  • Counties in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[239] Counties with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
  • States in the United States by median nonfamily household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[239] States with median nonfamily household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
  • Counties in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[239] Counties with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.
  • States in the United States by median family household income according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2013–2017 5-Year Estimates.[239] States with median family household incomes higher than the United States as a whole are in full green.

Economic class

Main article: Social class in the United States
See also: List of United States counties by per capita income

Social classes in the United States lack distinct boundaries and may overlap. Even their existence (when distinguished from economic strata) is controversial. The following table provides a summary of some prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society:

More information Dennis Gilbert, 2002, William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005 ...

Unemployment rate (seasonally adjusted)

U.S. unemployment by state in December 2015 (official, or U3 rate)[240]
  <3.0%
  <3.5%
  <4.0%
  <4.5%
  <5.0%
  <5.5%
  <6.0%
  <6.5%
  ≥6.5%

As of July 2020, the U.S. unemployment rate was 10.2 percent (U3 rate).

As of July 2019, the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.7 percent (U3 rate).

As of July 2018, the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.7 percent (U3 rate).

As of July 2017, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.3 percent (U3 rate).[241]

As of July 2016, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9 percent (U3 rate).[241]

As of July 2015, the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.3 percent (U3 rate).[242]

As of July 2014, the U.S. unemployment rate was 6.2 percent (U3 rate).[241]

The U6 unemployment rate as of April 2017 was 8.6 percent.[243] The U6 unemployment rate counts not only people without work seeking full-time employment (the more familiar U3 rate), but also counts "marginally attached workers and those working part-time for economic reasons." Some of these part-time workers counted as employed by U6 could be working as little as an hour a week. And the "marginally attached workers" include those who have become discouraged and stopped looking, but still want to work. The age considered for this calculation is 16 years and over.

Urban Americans have more job opportunities than those in more rural areas. From 2008 to 2018, 72% of the nation's employment growth occurred in cities with more than one million residents, which account for 56% of the overall population.[244]

Generational cohorts

A definitive recent study of US generational cohorts was done by Schuman and Scott (2012) in which a broad sample of adults of all ages was asked, "What world events are especially important to you?"[245] They found that 33 events were mentioned with great frequency. When the ages of the respondents were correlated with the expressed importance rankings, seven (some put 8 or 9) distinct cohorts became evident.

Today the following descriptors are frequently used for these cohorts:

U.S. demographic birth cohorts

Birth rate, death rate and natural increase rate in the United States 1935–2021

Subdivided groups are present when peak boom years or inverted peak bust years are present, and may be represented by a normal or inverted bell-shaped curve (rather than a straight curve). The boom subdivided cohorts may be considered as "pre-peak" (including peak year) and "post-peak". The year 1957 was the baby boom peak with 4.3 million births and 122.7 fertility rate. Although post-peak births (such as trailing edge boomers) are in decline, and sometimes referred to as a "bust", there are still a relatively large number of births. The dearth-in-birth bust cohorts include those up to the valley birth year, and those including and beyond, leading up to the subsequent normal birth rate. The baby boom began around 1943 to 1946.[251]

From the decline in U.S. birth rates starting in 1958 and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, the Baby Boomer normal distribution curve is negatively skewed. The trend in birth rates from 1958 to 1961 show a tendency to end late in the decade at approximately 1969, thus returning to pre-WWII levels, with 12 years of rising and 12 years of declining birth rates. Pre-war birth rates were defined as anywhere between 1939 and 1941 by demographers such as the Taeuber's, Philip M. Hauser and William Fielding Ogburn.[252]

Mobility

In 2021, 27.1 million Americans said they were living in a different place than a year before, compared to 29.8 million in 2020. This reflects an 8.4% mover rate, the lowest recorded in more than 70 years.[253]

Education

Further information: Educational attainment in the United States

See also

Lists

Income

Population

Notes

    1. [F 1]
      In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

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