Total population

Life expectancy

total population: 79.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 56th

male: 76.55 years

female: 82.61 years (2021 est.)

Death rate

10.72 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 23rd

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.^[7]

More information Period, Life expectancy in years ...

Period	Life expectancy in years
1950–1955	66.86
1955–1960	69.59
1960–1965	70.35
1965–1970	69.99
1970–1975	70.04
1975–1980	70.64
1980–1985	70.78
1985–1990	71.46
1990–1995	72.50
1995–2000	74.23
2000–2005	75.54
2005–2010	76.98
2010–2015	78.17

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| 2.4 |}

Fertility

Population density and urban areas

Age structure

2020
0–14 years: 15.17% (male 834,447 /female 789,328)
15–24 years: 9.2% (male 508,329 /female 475,846)
25–54 years: 43.29% (male 2,382,899 /female 2,249,774)
55–64 years: 12.12% (male 636,357 /female 660,748)
65 years and over: 20.23% (male 907,255 /female 1,257,515)

Median age

• total: 43.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 28th
• male: 42 years
• female: 44.7 years (2020 est.)

• Age structure over time
• 
  1980
• 
  1990
• 
  1999
• 
  2007

Current vital statistics

^[14]

More information Period, Live births ...

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January – December 2022	101,299	120,219	-18,920
January – December 2023	91,149	112,795	-21,646
Difference	-10,150 (-11.02%)	-7,424 (-6.17%)	-2,726

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• Deaths from January - February 2021 = 30,031
• Deaths from January - February 2022 = 21,422
• Deaths from January - February 2023 = 20,625
• Deaths from January - February 2024 = 20,147 ^[15]

Structure of the population

Literacy

definition: NA

total population: 99%

male: 99%

female: 99% (2011 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

Total: 8%. Country comparison to the world: 155th

Male: 7.2%

Female: 9.2% (2020 est.)

1880–1910

After World War I

¹ In 2011 a large part of the population did not claim any ethnicity, before the census it was widely mediatized that the question is not mandatory. The vast majority of those who did so are presumed to be ethnic Czechs, number of whom dropped by roughly the same amount that the number of undeclared people rose, circa 2.5 million.

• Czechs in 1991
• Czechs in 2001
• Czechs in 2011

The legal position of the minorities is defined foremost in the Act No. 273/2001 Coll. (The Rights of the Minorities Act) which implements the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and Recommendation of the Council of Europe No. 1201. There is a number of other enactments which to lesser extent deal with the minorities.

A special situation applies in the case of Moravians and Silesians, who are frequently allocated within the group of Czechs when it comes to the statistical data.

Officially recognized minorities

Minorities, which "traditionally and on a long term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic" enjoy some privileges. As of 2022 there are 14 such officially recognized minorities, which are (alphabetically): Belarusians, Bulgarians, Croatians, Germans, Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, Romani people, Russians, Rusyns, Serbians, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Vietnamese.^[21]

Citizens belonging to the officially recognized minorities enjoy the right to "use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law". Article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms provides the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural Language) provides that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency does not have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (About The Rights of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in the courts of law) the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.

Bulgarians

The economic migration of Bulgarians to the Czech Republic began in the 1990s. 4,363 citizens claimed to have Bulgarian nationality in the 2001 census. They mostly live in the large cities and towns, such as Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Karlovy Vary, Kladno, Ústí nad Labem, Děčín, and Havířov. Nowadays the newcomers from Bulgaria aim for these areas in particular, where they can join an already established community. Many of these economic immigrants have dual citizenship of both the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. However most of the recent immigrants still only have Bulgarian citizenship.

The Bulgarian Cultural Organisation publishes the magazine Roden Glas, while a folklore organisation Kytka promotes traditional Bulgarian dances. Among other organisations are Pirin, Zaedno, Vazraždane and Hyshove.^[22]

As an officially recognized minority the Bulgarian citizens of the Czech Republic enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in the courts of law. They also enjoy a number of other rights connected to the status of recognized minority, e.g. the right to education in their own language: the first Bulgarian school in the current Czech Republic was established in 1946 in Prague.

Germans

The German minority of the Czech Republic, historically the largest minority of the country, was almost entirely removed when 3 million were forcibly expelled in 1945–6 on the basis of the Potsdam agreement. The constitution guarantees rights for minority languages, however there are 13 municipalities with German minority constituting 10% of population, which qualifies for such provisions.^[24] There is no bilingual education system in Western and Northern Bohemia, where the German minority is mostly concentrated. However, this is in large part due to the absence of German-speaking youth, a heritage of the post-war policy of the Communist government.

According to the 2001 census there remain 13 municipalities and settlements in the Czech Republic with more than 10% Germans.^[24]

Many^{[citation needed]} representatives of expellees' organizations support the erection of bilingual signs in all formerly German-speaking territory as a visible sign of the bilingual linguistic and cultural heritage of the region, but their efforts are not supported by some of the current inhabitants, as the vast majority of the current population is not of German descent.

The German-Czech Declaration of 21 January 1997 covered the two most critical issues—the role of some Sudeten Germans in the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1938 and their expulsion after World War II.^[25]

Greeks

Another influential minority are Greeks. Large numbers of Greeks arrived in Czechoslovakia during the end of the Greek Civil War. The first transports of Greek children arrived in 1948 and 1949. Later, more transports, also including adults, arrived.^[26] They were partly leftists, communists and guerillas with their relatives, hence the willingness of Czechoslovak government to allow the immigration.^[27] This was viewed rather as a temporary solution. After the defeat of DSE and other left-wing guerillas, the Greeks stayed in Czechoslovakia. In total more than 12,000 Greeks immigrated to Czechoslovakia between 1948 and 1950.^[27] Today, there are about 7000 Greeks in the country (3219 according to 2001 census data),^[27] mostly in the 3 biggest towns – Prague, Brno, Ostrava – and also in Bohumín, Havířov, Jeseník, Karviná, Krnov, Šumperk, Třinec, Vrbno pod Pradědem and Žamberk (apart from the last one these towns are in Silesia).^[28]

Poles

The most concentrated linguistic minority in the Czech Republic are ethnic Poles, historically the plurality, today constituting about 10% of the population of Karviná and Frýdek-Místek districts. Poles have the right to use their language in official dealings; the public media (Czech TV and Czech Radio) regularly broadcast in Polish; and there are many Polish primary and secondary schools in the area. The Polish minority has been decreasing substantially since World War II as education in Polish was difficult to obtain, while Czech authorities did not permit bilingual signs to maintain Polish awareness among the population.

The erection of bilingual signs has technically been permitted since 2001, if a minority constitutes 10% of the population of a municipality. The requirement that a petition be signed by the members of minority was cancelled, thus simplifying the whole process.^[29] Still, only a couple of villages with large Polish minorities have bilingual signs (Vendryně/Wędrynia for instance).

Romanis

Another minority is the Roma, who nonetheless have very little influence on Czech policy. Around 90% of the Roma that lived in the Czech Republic prior to World War II were exterminated by the Nazi Porajmos. The Roma there now are 80% post-war immigrants from Slovakia or Hungary, or the descendants thereof. In total, the Roma in the CR now number around 200,000.^[30] There is Romani press in the CR, written in both Czech and Romani, but Romani radio is broadcast in Czech and there is no Romani television. Romani is also absent from legislative, judiciary, and other political texts but it has recently entered some university and elementary school courses. Life expectancy, literacy, median wage, school enrolment, and other socio-economic markers remain low while Roma compose the majority of prison and habitual offender populations despite accounting for only a fraction of a percent of Czech population.^[31]

Recent trends

More information Country ...

Countries with at least 1,000 people, immigrating each year.^[33][34]

Country	2016	2017	2018
Ukraine	5,778	10,340	16,747
Slovakia	6,706	6,328	6,671
Russia	2,404	2,891	3,388
Vietnam	1,752	2,196	2,264
Romania	1,648	1,829	2,184
Bulgaria	1,331	1,620	1,977
Mongolia	709	1,165	1,498
Hungary	911	1,238	1,330
Belarus	421	657	1,145
China	551	823	1,123
United States	1,063	1,073	1,101
Serbia	230	414	1,041
Total	37,503	45,957	58,148

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Foreign-born population

More information Nationality, Population (31 December 2023) ...

Largest groups of foreign residents

Nationality	Population (31 December 2023)[35]
Ukraine	574,447
Slovakia	119,182
Vietnam	67,783
Russia	40,990
Romania	20,469
Bulgaria	17,907
Poland	17,837
Germany	12,719
Mongolia	12,664
Hungary	11,117
United States	10,132
Kazakhstan	9,798
India	9,553
China	8,813
United Kingdom	7,905
Belarus	7,726
Moldova	7,662
Philippines	7,026
Italy	6,125
Serbia	5,993
Turkey	5,340
France	4,120
Uzbekistan	3,448
Croatia	3,252
South Korea	2,915
North Macedonia	2,816

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See also

• Armenians in the Czech Republic
• Chinese people in the Czech Republic
• Croats in the Czech Republic
• Germans in the Czech Republic
• Greeks in the Czech Republic
• History of the Jews in the Czech Republic
• Koreans in the Czech Republic
• Macedonians in the Czech Republic
• Mongolians in the Czech Republic
• Polish minority in the Czech Republic
• Portuguese in the Czech Republic
• Romani people in the Czech Republic
• Slovaks in the Czech Republic
• Turks in the Czech Republic
• Ukrainians in the Czech Republic
• Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic