Demographics_of_Canada

Demographics of Canada

Demographics of Canada

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Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure.[5] It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024.[6] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth.[7] The main driver of population growth is immigration.[8][9] Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.[10]

Quick Facts Canada, Population ...
Historical population of Canada

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[11] driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification.[12][13] In 2021, a total of 405,330 immigrants were admitted to Canada, mainly from South Asia.[14][15] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.[16] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees,[17] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.[18][19]

Population

Population density of Canadian provinces and territories
  >25 people/km2
  15–24.9 people/km2
  10–14.9 people/km2
  5–9.9 people/km2
  1–4.9 people/km2
  <1 people/km2
Main article: Population of Canada

The 2021 Canadian census had a total population count of 36,991,981 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population.[5][20] A population estimate for 2024 put the total number of people in Canada at 40,769,890.[21][22]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022:[23]

  • One birth every 1 minutes
  • One death every 2 minutes
  • One net migrant every 2 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 1 minute

Death rate

8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 81

Net migration rate

5.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 21st

Urbanization

urban population: 81.8% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

[24]

Provinces and territories

Main article: Population of Canada by province and territory
More information Population, Name ...

Population distribution

The vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia.[26][27][25]

Cities

Main article: List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population
More information Largest cities or towns in Canada2021 Census, Rank ...

Census metropolitan areas

Main article: List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada
More information Rank, Name ...

Fertility rate

Total fertility rate of Canada from 1861 to 2016

The total fertility rate is the number of children born in a specific year cohort to the total number of women who can give birth in the country.

In 1971, the birth rate for the first time dipped below replacement[30][31] and since then has not rebounded.[30]

Canada's fertility rate hit a record low of 1.4 children born per woman in 2020,[32] below the population replacement level, which stands at 2.1 births per woman. In 2020, Canada also experienced the country's lowest number of births in 15 years,[32] also seeing the largest annual drop in childbirths (−3.6%) in a quarter of a century.[32] The total birth rate is 10.17 births/1,000 population in 2022.[22]

More information Total fertility rate, Years ...

Mother's mean age at first birth

Canada is among late-childbearing countries, with the average age of mothers at the first birth being 31.3 years in 2020.[9]

More information Average age of childbirth at first birth, Year ...

Population projection

Map of Canadian provinces and territories by population growth rate (2016–2021).
  < 4.0%
   4.0%–7.0%
   7.0%–10.0%
  > 10.0%
  population decline

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, for the same period the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people.[34] However, over the same period, the population of France grew by 8.0%. And from 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10.0%.

The current population growth rate for Canada in 2022 was 0.75%.[22]

More information Year, Pop. ...
More information Year, Pop. ...
More information Year, Pop. ...

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Canada has consistently risen since the country's formation.

Life expectancy in Canada since 1831
Life expectancy in Canada since 1960 by gender
More information Life expectancy, Year ...

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2016)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 180th
male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)
Population pyramid of Canada over time from 1950 to 2020

Age characteristics

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 10.V.2016) (To ensure confidentiality, the values, including totals are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of '5' or '10.' As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the individual values since totals and sub-totals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentages, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%.):[40]

More information Age Group, Male ...

Age structure[22]

0–14 years: 15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)
15–24 years: 11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)
25–54 years: 39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)
55–64 years: 14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)
65 years and over: 18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th
male: 40.6 years
female: 42.9 years (2020 est.)
total: 40.6 years
male: 39.6 years
female: 41.5 years (2011)
Median age by province and territory in 2011[41]
  1. Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0
  2. Nova Scotia: 43.7
  3. New Brunswick: 43.7
  4. Prince Edward Island: 42.8
  5. Quebec: 41.9
  6. British Columbia: 41.9
  7. Ontario: 40.4
  8. Yukon: 39.1
  9. Manitoba: 38.4
  10. Saskatchewan: 38.2
  11. Alberta: 36.5
  12. Northwest Territories: 32.3
  13. Nunavut: 24.1

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25–54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

55–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est.

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.3
youth dependency ratio: 23.5
elderly dependency ratio: 23.8
potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

Vital statistics

More information Average population (on July 1), Live births ...

Current vital statistics

[45]

More information Period, Live births ...

Employment

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 20.2%
male: 20.9%
female: 19.4% (2020 est.)

Ethnicity and visible minorities

Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

Canadians as ethnic group by province

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[46] The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage.[47][48]

More information Province / Territory, Percent Canadians ...

Ethnic origin

Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada
Canada visible minority, aboriginal and White (assumed for 1981 to 2016) population as a percentage of the total population over time
Visible minorities over time including projections
Visible minorities as a population pyramid in total in 2016

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.[49] The major panethnic groups chosen were; European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American Indigenous (6.1%), African (3.8%), Latin, Central and South American (2.5%), Caribbean (2.1%), Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%).[49][50] Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.[49][lower-alpha 2]

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[lower-alpha 3] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[53]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being "White", representing 69.8 percent of the population.[54][3] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[55] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[3][lower-alpha 4] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).[54]

As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.[57]

More information Ethnic origin, % ...

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006[59] (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

  • Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
  • New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
  • Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
  • Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
  • Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
  • Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%)
  • Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
  • Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
  • Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
  • British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
  • Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
  • Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
  • Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)

Italics indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio (percentage) of this response among provinces.

Visible minority population

More information Group, Total ...

Note: Indigenous population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".[68]

More information Group, 2001 census ...

Indigenous population

More information Group, % ...

Note: Other Indigenous and mixed Indigenous groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Indigenous

Future projections

Statistics Canada projects that visible minorities will make up between 38.2% and 43.0% of the total Canadian population by 2041,[75][76] compared with 26.5% in 2021.[77][3] Among the working-age population (15 to 64 years), meanwhile, visible minorities are projected to represent between 42.1% and 47.3% of Canada's total population,[75][76] compared to 28.5% in 2021.[77][3]

More information Population, % ...

Languages

Main article: Languages of Canada

Knowledge of language

More information Top ten spoken languages in Canada 2021 census ...

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census.[lower-alpha 9] The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.

More information Language, Pop. ...
  1. [N 1]
    n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
  2. [N 2]
    n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

Mother tongue

More information Languages in Canada (Mother Tongue) 2016 Census ...
More information First language, Pop. ...
  1. [N 1]
    n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
  2. [N 2]
    n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

Work

More information Language, % of total population (2016) ...

Home

More information Language, % of total population (2016) ...

Immigration

Main articles: Immigration to Canada and Canada immigration statistics

According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population.[77] This represents the eighth-largest immigrant population in the world, while the proportion represents one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.[93]

Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports have detailed immigration statistics. During this period, the highest annual immigration rate in Canada occurred in 1913, when 400,900 new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population,[94][95] while the greatest number of foreign-born individuals admitted to Canada in single year occurred in 2021, with 405,330 new immigrants accounting for 1.1 percent of the total population.

Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 29.1% and 34.0% of Canada's population in 2041, compared with 23.0% in 2021,[96] while the Canadian population with at least one foreign born parent (first and second generation persons) could rise to between 49.8% and 54.3%, up from 44.0% in 2021.[3][75][76]

More information Year, Immigrant percentage ...

Religion

See also: Religion in Canada

Religion in Canada

  Christianity (53.3%)
  No Religion (34.6%)
  Islam (4.9%)
  Hinduism (2.3%)
  Sikhism (2.1%)
  Buddhism (1.0%)
  Judaism (0.9%)
  Others (0.8%)

In 2021, 53.3% of Canadians were Christians,[101] down from 67.3% in 2011.[102] 29.9% were Catholic while 11.4% were Protestant (all other listed denominations excluding Christian Orthodox, Latter Day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses). 7.6% were Christian not otherwise specified, 2.1% were "other Christian and Christian-related traditions", 1.7% were Christian Orthodox, 0.4% were Jehovah's Witnesses and 0.2% were Latter Day Saints adherents.

34.6% of Canadians were non-religious or secular, up from 23.9% in 2011. Of the non-Christian religions listed, 4.9% of Canadians were Muslim (3.2% in 2011), 2.3% were Hindu (1.5% in 2011), 2.1% were Sikh (1.4% in 2011), 1.0% were Buddhist (1.1% in 2011), 0.9% were Jewish (1.0% in 2011), 0.2% were believers of traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality (same as 2011), and 0.6% were believers of other religions and spiritual traditions (0.4% in 2011).

More information Religion status of the Canadian Population in 2021, Religion ...

See also

Notes

    1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
    2. The 2021 census on ethnic or cultural origins, Statistics Canada states: "Given the fluid nature of this concept and the changes made to this question, 2021 Census data on ethnic or cultural origins are not comparable to data from previous censuses and should not be used to measure the growth or decline of the various groups associated with these origins".[49]
    3. All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[46] "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage."[47][48][51][52]
    4. Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour".[56]
    5. "In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups."[49]
    6. The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census.
    7. 2021 census: Combined responses of the Chinese languages, including Mandarin (987,300), Cantonese (724,925), Min Nan, Hakka, Wu (Shanghainese), Min Dong, Chinese, n.o.s.,[nb 1] and Chinese languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]
    8. 2021 census: Combined responses of Hindi (761,425) and Urdu (414,870) as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Hindustani language.
    9. The 1991 Census was the first to ask Canadians whether they could conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French[79]: 50 
    10. 2021 census: Combined responses of Iranian Persian (222,160), Dari, and Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.,[nb 1] as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Persian language, and as they were all categorized under "Persian" in previous censuses.
    11. Including Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, and Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.[nb 2]
    12. 2021 census: Total number of speakers of the Cree-Innu languages, previously categorized under "Cree" in past censuses.
    13. French and non-official language OR
      English, French and non-official language
    14. French and non-official language OR
      English, French and non-official language

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