Demographic features of the population of Belgium include ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. All figures are from the National Institute for Statistics unless otherwise indicated.^[2]

Quick Facts Kingdom of Belgium, Population ...

Demographics of the Kingdom of Belgium
Population pyramid of Belgium in 2022
Population	11,556,297 (February 2021) 82nd
Growth rate	0.54% (2021 est.)
Birth rate	10.3 births/1,000 population (2021)
Death rate	9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2021)
Life expectancy	81.65 years (2021 est.)
• male	79.2 years (2021 )[1]
• female	84 years (2021 )[1]
Fertility rate	1.54 children born/woman (2022)[lower-alpha 1]
Infant mortality rate	3.24 (2021 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	16.1% (male 857,373/female 822,303)
15–64 years	66.3% (male 3,480,072/female 3,419,721)
65 and over	17.6% (male 760,390/female 1,074,477) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Under 15	1.04 male(s)/female
15–64 years	1.02 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.72 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Belgian(s) adjective: Belgian
Major ethnic	58% Flemish
Minor ethnic	31% Walloon, 11% Mixed/Other
Language
Spoken	Dutch, French, German

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Belgium had a population of 11,190,846 people on 1 January 2015 as compared to the 10,839,905 people on 1 January 2010, an increase of 601,000 in comparison to 2000 (10,239,085 inhabitants). Between 1990 (9,947,782 inhabitants) and 2000 the increase was only 291,000. As of January 1, 2020, Belgium has a population of 11,492,641^[5] and is the 80th most populous country in the world. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on January 1, 2019 was 6,589,069 (57.6% of Belgium), 3,633,795 (31.8% of Belgium) and 1,208,542 (10.6% of Belgium), respectively. The population density of Belgium is 376/km² (970/sq mi) as of July 1, 2020, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world, and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe. The most densely populated province is Antwerp, the least densely populated province is Luxembourg.

The following demographic statistics are from the World Population Review in 2019.^[6]

• One birth every 4 minutes
• One death every 5 minutes
• One net migrant every 12 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 9 minutes

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

^[7]

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Life expectancy

See also: List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1841–1950

More information Years ...

Years	1841	1842	1843	1844	1845	1846	1847	1848	1849	1850[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	40.3	38.6	40.4	41.9	41.0	37.8	35.1	38.0	35.0	42.3

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More information Years ...

Years	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	41.9	41.8	41.3	39.7	37.4	40.9	40.4	40.1	38.9	45.1

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More information Years ...

Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	41.2	43.1	41.3	39.8	37.7	32.4	43.0	42.5	42.6	40.9

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More information Years ...

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	34.3	40.0	43.5	44.7	42.1	43.7	44.5	44.2	43.8	42.4

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More information Years ...

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	44.4	45.5	44.9	44.2	45.4	43.3	46.0	44.9	45.0	44.1

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More information Years ...

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	44.0	43.1	44.4	46.6	45.4	48.0	48.8	48.1	46.5	46.5

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More information Years ...

Years	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	49.4	49.1	49.2	49.3	49.9	49.6	51.0	49.6	50.6	51.3

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More information Years ...

Years	1911	1912	1913	1919	1920[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	49.2	52.3	52.4	49.8	53.6

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More information Years ...

Years	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	54.7	55.1	56.7	57.4	57.1	56.9	57.1	57.4	55.0	57.1

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More information Years ...

Years	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	58.4	58.5	58.7	60.3	59.9	59.9	60.0	60.1	60.0	55.9

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More information Years ...

Years	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950[8]
Life expectancy in Belgium	58.9	59.1	60.3	56.9	58.4	61.9	63.4	64.9	65.4	66.3

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1950–2015

More information Period, Life expectancy in Years ...

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	67.8	1985–1990	75.3
1955–1960	69.5	1990–1995	76.4
1960–1965	70.3	1995–2000	77.4
1965–1970	70.7	2000–2005	78.4
1970–1975	71.5	2005–2010	79.6
1975–1980	72.7	2010–2015	80.5
1980–1985	73.9	2015-2020	81.44

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Source: UN World Population Prospects^[9]

Life expectancy at birth; total population: 81.65 years. Country comparison to the world: 32nd

male: 79.02 years

female: 84.4 years (2021 est.)

Fertility

The total fertility rate (TFR) gradually increased during the last decade from 1.60 in 1997, 1.65 in 2002 and 1.82 in 2007. The rates in Brussels are higher than the national average (1.79 in 1997, 1.93 in 2002 and 2.09 in 2007), while they are below the average in Flanders (1.54 in 1997, 1.56 in 2002 and 1.77 in 2007), due to the higher percentage of non-European immigrants with higher birth rates in Brussels.^[10]

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.^[11]

More information Years ...

Years	1830	1831	1832	1833	1834	1835	1836	1837	1838	1839	1840[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.72	4.77	4.82	4.87	4.92	4.97	4.97	4.98	4.98	4.99	5

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More information Years ...

Years	1841	1842	1843	1844	1845	1846	1847	1848	1849	1850[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.94	4.88	4.82	4.76	4.7	4.64	4.58	4.51	4.45	4.38

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More information Years ...

Years	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.32	4.25	4.18	4.25	4.31	4.38	4.44	4.51	4.53	4.56

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More information Years ...

Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.58	4.61	4.63	4.66	4.68	4.71	4.73	4.76	4.78	4.8

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More information Years ...

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.83	4.85	4.87	4.85	4.83	4.82	4.8	4.78	4.75	4.71

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More information Years ...

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.68	4.64	4.61	4.55	4.49	4.42	4.36	4.3	4.27	4.25

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More information Years ...

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899[11]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.22	4.2	4.17	4.13	4.09	4.06	4.02	3.98	3.91

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Total fertility rate; 1.71 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 160st

Birth rate; 11.03 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 175st

Mother's mean age at first birth; 29 years (2018 est.)

Note: Territorial changes in East-Belgium occurred in 1925, 1940 and 1944.

Current vital statistics

^[14][15]

More information Period, Live births ...

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January 2023	9,204	11,213	-2,009
January 2024	9,209	11,198	-1,989
Difference	+5 (+0.05%)	-15 (-0.13%)	+20

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Since the relaxation of the Belgian nationality law more than 1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship and are now considered new Belgians. 89.2% of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the French and 47.8% of Dutch people.^{[17][dubious – discuss]}

In 2007, there were 1.38 million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685 000 (6.4%) were born outside the EU and 695 000 (6.5%) were born in another EU Member State.

Net migration rate; 4.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24; total: 15.8%.

male: 16.2%

female: 15.3% (2018 est.)

Literacy; Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.)

Total population: 99%

Male: 99%

Female: 99%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education); total: 20 years

male: 19 years

female: 21 years (2018)

Belgium does not collect data on ethnicity or race, but does collect data on the country of origin of citizens.^[18]

The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are Italian Belgians, with more than 450,000^[19] people, which is well over 4% of Belgium's total population. The Moroccan Belgians are the third-largest group, and the largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 340,359.^[19][20] According to Michèle Tribalat in the beginning of 2020, people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed 32.1% of the total population.^[21] According to Statbel, 65.5% of the Belgian population was Belgian with a Belgian background in 2023. The Belgian background by age group was 52.3% among those under 18, 63.2% among 18-64-year-olds and 85.9% among those aged 65 and over.^[22]

Of these 'New Belgians', 55.1% are of non-Belgian European ancestry and 44.9% are from non-Western countries.

The rest consists mostly of French-speaking people from Brussels, Turks, Kurds,^[23] Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spaniards, Greeks, Bosniaks, Algerians, Congolese, Vietnamese, Poles, Indians, and Guineans (around 23% of Belgium's population is of non-Belgian origin).^[24] Approximately 30,000 Roma live in Belgium.^[25]

The exact number of French-speakers in Brussels is hard to determine, but it is estimated that 85% of the people living in Brussels use French and 10% use Dutch in their households, as the sole language or secondary language, while Arabic is also largely spoken. See the Brussels article for more details.^[26]

In the table are the top 30 countries by origin of the population of Belgium in 2020^{[citation needed]}

More information Country, Number (2020) ...

Countries of origin of Belgian population (2020)

Country	Number (2020)	% of population of foreign origin	% of total population
Morocco	340,359	13.3%	3.0%
Italy	278,877	11.1%	2.4%
France	217,200	8.7%	1.9%
Netherlands	190,271	7.3%	1.7%
Turkey	161,581	6.2%	1.4%
Romania	120,929	4.8%	1.1%
Poland	97,183	3.9%	0.8%
Spain	78,745	3.1%	0.7%
Democratic Republic of the Congo	65,687	2.7%	0.6%
Russia	62,059	2.5%	0.5%
Portugal	54,719	2.1%	0.5%
Germany	50,772	2.0%	0.4%
Bulgaria	46,876	1.9%	0.4%
Syria	35,626	1.4%	0.3%
Algeria	31,956	1.2%	0.3%
United Kingdom	29,504	1.1%	0.3%
Greece	28,643	1.1%	0.2%
India	27,267	1.0%	0.2%
Afghanistan	25,727	1.0%	0.2%
Cameroon	24,267	0.9%	0.2%
China	22,283	0.9%	0.2%
Tunisia	20,921	0.8%	0.2%
Iraq	20,882	0.8%	0.2%
Guinea	19,244	0.7%	0.2%
Brazil	15,158	0.6%	0.1%
Rwanda	14,729	0.6%	0.1%
Pakistan	14,580	0.6%	0.1%
United States	13,820	0.5%	0.1%
Iran	12,891	0.5%	0.1%
Albania	12,641	0.5%	0.1%
Senegal	11,876	0.5%	0.1%
Other countries	414,327	16.2%	3.6%
Total	2,549,724	100%	22.2%

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Belgium's three official languages are Dutch, spoken by about 60% of the population, French, spoken by about 40%, and German, spoken by less than 1%. The vast majority of Belgium's population, 99%, is literate as defined by the Belgian government, i.e. capable of reading and writing in an official language by the time a citizen has reached the age of 15. English is the official (meetings) language of the European Commission, 10% of the job market in Brussels; also, Arabic is 2nd most spoken language in Brussels according to fresh sources (around 10%).^{[citation needed]}

As of 2012, 58% of Belgians identify as Roman Catholic. Other Christians comprise 7% of the population. Muslims comprise 5%. 27% of Belgians are agnostics, atheists or otherwise irreligious.^[29]

• Belgian nationality law
• Metropolitan areas in Belgium