PC clones and peripherals

American Computer and Peripheral was founded in Santa Ana in April 1985 by Alan Lau.^[3] Among the company's first offerings were a duo of IBM PC clones: the American XTSR and the American 286. These clones were introduced in May 1986 and were clones of IBM's PC XT and PC/AT, respectively. The clock speed of the XTSR's Intel 8088 microprocessor was selectable, allowing users to change it from 4.77 MHz to 7.37 MHz.^[4] The module that allowed this selection of clock speeds was later sold separately as the American Turbo.^{[5][lower-alpha 1]} The American 286 featured a motherboard in the Baby AT form factor with five expansion slots house in the same case as the American XTSR.^[6] AC&P later introduced the American 286-A, an AT clone with a full-sized AT motherboard, featuring eight expansion slots.^[7] AC&P hired Chi Yeung, previously a designer for Eagle Computer before the company went out of business in 1986, to design the 286-A.^[8] Both it and the regular 286 ran the Intel 80286, with clock speeds selectable from 6 MHz to 8 MHz.^[9] In June 1986, the company released the Abovefunction multifunction board that allows the PC, PC XT and compatibles to address up to 2 MB of RAM, as well as adding ports for joysticks and serial and peripheral devices.^[10] A year later, the company introduced the American 386-16, an i386-based desktop computer that touted superiority over other 386 clones due to its use of zero-wait states when accessing video and making system calls to the BIOS for peripheral access.^[11]

Upgrade devices

In June 1986, AC&P released the 386 Translator.^[12] This was a module that could be plugged into the pin-grid array socket reserved for the 80286 microprocessor on the motherboard of IBM's PC/AT or clones of the AT, in order to upgrade them to the newer 80386 by Intel.^[13] This product allowed AC&P to beat Compaq by a slim margin in offering consumers the first means through which they could interact with the 386.^[14] Compaq released the Deskpro 386, the first PC clone that featured a 386—and which marked the first time a major component to the IBM PC standard was upgraded by a company outside IBM—in September 1986.^{[15][lower-alpha 2]} The 386 Translator was designed by NDR, a electronics design firm located in Corona, California.^[12] Scheduled for release as soon as Intel started shipping the chip out to computer vendors like AC&P,^[16] which occurred in mid-July along with Intel shipping production samples of the 386 to consumers,^[13] AC&P launched the 386 Translator ahead of time in late June.^[12]

Various companies such as Daisy Systems and Valid Logic Systems manufactured software development workstations equipped with the 386 microprocessor and running Intel's own assembler, compilers, and software utilities as early as December 1985, when pre-production batches of 386es were manufactured. However, these workstations were large, cumbersome to set up and expensive, costing several thousands of dollars.^[17] The 386 Translator, by comparison, cost $895 (equivalent to $2,488 in 2023) with a 386 included or $395 ($1,098 in 2023) without.^[13] In addition, existing ATs could be equipped with the 386 using AC&P's module, avoiding the need for a dedicated workstation. Counter-intuitive to the nature of an upgrade module, however, the 386 Translator ran an AT computer 10 percent slower than a stock computer with a 286. This was due to the module inserting wait states in order for slower AT-grade memory chips to work with the faster 386. Aside from this performance penalty, the 386 Translator allowed software developers with ATs to get a head start on learning 386's new virtual 8086 mode.^[18] According to David Springer of NDR, the 386 Translator was also targeted at high-end users wanting to set up a file server on an AT-class machine.^[12]

Just three months after the release of the 386 Translator, in November, AC&P introduced the 386 Turbo expansion board. Like the Translator, the Turbo board allowed users to upgrade their existing PC/ATs with the 386 processor, this time with the promise of increased speed over the AT's 286 processor.^[19] The Turbo 386 also advertised compatibility with AT clones, although only clones whose motherboards had a socket for the pin grid array package of the 286 were supported.^[20] The company touted a 400 percent increase in software performance and claimed that the Turbo could double the clock speeds of ATs running between 6 and 12 MHz.^[19] The company later revised their claim to only double the clock speeds of 6 and 8 MHz 286s,^[21] as 386 processors at the time were not rated for 24 MHz.^[22] The 386 Turbo allowed users to switch the clock speed of the 386 on the fly, and it also included 1 MB of cache memory.^[19]

AC&P recommissioned NDR for the design of the 386 Turbo.^[12] It was comparable to Intel's Inboard 386, which came out at the same time. Both boards plugged into one of the AT's 16-bit ISA expansion slots. While Intel offered a version of the Inboard that could work on XTs, the 386 Turbo could only be used by ATs.^[23] The Turbo's 1 MB of memory was strictly used for cache, while the Inboard could accept up to 4 MB of memory chips to be used as conventional RAM, on top of having 64 KB of cache memory itself.^[24] The Turbo was to be accompanied by a graphics accelerator card, dubbed the "Turbo Graphics Adapter", which would have included a 82786 graphics processing unit for use with CAD–CAM systems. Scheduled for release alongside the 386 Translator in November, it was ultimately shelved.^[12]