The Acacians (/əˈkeɪʃən/), or perhaps better described as the Homoians (from gr. hómoios) or Homoeans (/hɒˈmiːən/),^[1] were a non-Nicene branch of Christianity that dominated the church during much of the fourth-century Arian Controversy. They declared that the Son was similar to God the Father, without reference to substance (essence). Homoians played a major role in the Christianization of the Goths in the Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire.^[1]

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"Though Homoian Arianism derived from the thought both of Eusebius of Caesarea and of Arius, we cannot with confidence detect it before the year 357, when it appears in the Second Sirmian Creed."^[2]

Homoian theology “was a development of the theology of Eusebius of Caesarea.”^[3]: 557

• “Homoian Arianism derived from the thought both of Eusebius of Caesarea and of Arius.”^[3]: 558
• "Akakius of Caesarea is usually regarded as the leader of the Homoian Arians par excellence. He succeeded Eusebius as bishop of that see in 339 or 340 and remained there for at least twenty-five years. He was clearly a devoted disciple of his predecessor."^{[3]: 579–80} Hanson refers to Eusebius of Caesarea as “Akakius' master.”^[3]: 583

“Eusebius of Caesarea, the historian and theologian”^[4]: 58 “attended the Council of Nicaea in 325,””^[3]: 47 was “universally acknowledged to be the most scholarly bishop of his day,”^[3]: 46” and “was the most learned and one of the best-known of the 300-odd bishops present” at Nicaea.”^[3]: 159

But when the first Homoian Creeds was formulated, Eusebius was dead and Akakius an important leader.

R.P.C. Hanson stated, "If we are to determine who among the Homoian Arians was the most influential in the long run, we must choose Ulfilas, Apostle of the Goths."^[3]: 588 “He translated most of the Bible into Gothic.”^[3]: 589

As stated, Homoian theology is particularly anti-Nicene and anti-ousia-language. During the first 25 years after Nicaea in 325, nobody mentioned or used or defended the Nicene Creed or ousia language:

“For nearly twenty years after Nicaea, nobody mentions homoousios, not even Athanasius. This may be because it was much less significant than either later historians of the ancient Church or modern scholars thought that it was.”^[3]: 170 “After Nicaea homoousios is not mentioned again in truly contemporary sources for two decades. … It was not seen as that useful or important.”^[4]: 96 “What is conventionally regarded as the key-word in the Creed homoousion, falls completely out of the controversy very shortly after the Council of Nicaea and is not heard of for over twenty years.” (Hanson Lecture)

For that reason, during that period, there were also no anti-Nicene creeds or statements:

“Many of the theologies we have considered so far are non-Nicene more than anti-Nicene: only in the 350s do we begin to trace clearly the emergence of directly anti-Nicene accounts.”^[4]: 139

The first sign of an anti-Nicene doctrine was the creed of Sirmium 351:

• “Sirmium 351 had not only omitted ousia language, but positively condemned some uses of that language.”^[4]: 138
• “Most significant of all, perhaps, is the appearance of anathemas directly and explicitly aimed at N.”^[3]: 328 “This creed marks a definite shift towards a more sharply anti-Nicene doctrine.”^[3]: 329

“The confession of 357 [the third Council of Sirmium] even more strongly argues against ousia language, condemning use of it,” saying, “there should be no mention of it whatever, nor should anyone preach it.” “This text demonstrates … the emergence of ‘Homoian’ theology.”^[4]: 138

The two main Homoian Creeds are “the Second Sirmian Creed of 357” and “the Creed of Nice (Constantinople) (of 360).”^{[3]: 558–9} “The creed of Nice-Constantinople … was temporarily registered as ecumenical in 360.”^[3]: 557

The Homoians were committed to use only Biblical language and declared the Son to be similar (Ancient Greek: ὅμοιος, romanized: hómoios) to God the Father, without reference to essence or substance.

• “The Arians tended … to avoid allegorising. … They tend to take Scripture literally.”^[3]: 559
• “They prided themselves on their appeal to Scripture. … they pointed out that homoousios and ousia did not occur in the Bible. 'We do not call the Holy Spirit God … because Scripture does not call him (so)’.”^[3]: 559
• “Truth is discovered not from argument but is proved by reliable proof-texts.”^[3]: 561

“The Homoian Arians … were not particularly interested in philosophy:”^[3]: 568

“The theologians of the fourth century … use the terminology of Greek philosophy. … It was never accepted by the Homoian Arians).”^[3]: 871

Consequently, they rejected all ousia-terms, including homoousion (same in substance), homoi-ousion (similar substance), and heter-ousion (different substance).

The Homoian view dominated during much of the Arian Controversy:

R.P.C. Hanson discusses on pages 592-595 “a shift of emphasis on the part of Germinius as far as doctrine is concerned” which illuminates the disputes in Arian circles at the time. Germinius was “appointed bishop of Sirmium in 351” and regarded by some as “one of the standard-bearers of Arianism.” He wrote:

“There is one true God the Father, eternal, almighty; and Christ his only Son and our Lord God … born before all things, in deity, love, majesty, power, glory, love, wisdom, knowledge, like in all things to the Father …”

“This profession of faith caused alarm … among other Homoian Arian bishops.” “The Catholic faith declared at Ariminum" read “that the Son is like the Father according to the Scriptures.” Homoians did not want to say that “he is like 'according to substance'” or even “in all respects.” “To adopt such doctrines would be to return to the false teaching of Basil (of Ancyra) condemned at Ariminum.” (See, Homoi-ousianism) But Germinius defended his views in response to the criticism and wrote:

“Christ the Son of God our Lord like in all respects to the Father I ingenerateness excepted. God from God, Light from Light.”

Hanson concludes: “Clearly Germinius had by now abandoned Homoian Arianism.”^{[3]: 592–5}

Traditionally, homoousios is regarded as the key term in the Nicene Creed. For example:

In the “centuries-old account of the Council of Nicaea: … The whole power of the mysterious dogma is at once established by the one word homoousios … with one pronouncement the Church identified a term (homoousios) that secured its … beliefs against heresy.”^[4]: 11

But, as stated under Homoian Creeds above, during the 20–25 years after Nicaea, nobody mentions the term. However, in the 350s, Athanasius made the Nicene Creed, and the homoousios in particular, part of his polemical strategy. In this way, Athanasius brought the term back into the Controversy:

“Athanasius’ engagement with Marcellus in Rome seems to have encouraged Athanasius towards the development of” “an increasingly sophisticated account of his enemies;” “the full flowering of a polemical strategy that was to shape accounts of the fourth century for over 1,500 years;” “a masterpiece of the rhetorical art.”^{[4]: 106–7}

“During the 350s Athanasius honed his polemic.”^[4]: 140

“Athanasius' decision to make Nicaea and homoousios central to his theology has its origins in the shifting climate of the 350s.”^[4]: 144

Athanasius' use of the term homoousios was being progressively accepted in the West and was used to attack the Eusebians. In response, the anti-Nicene creeds and Homoian theology developed in the late 350s. See - Homoian Arianism.

“In the year 357 a small council met at Sirmium and produced a creed which was of great significance.” (RH, 343) Since it was formulated in the West, “the creed was originally written in Latin.” (RH, 343)

“In most older presentations, ‘western’ bishops were taken to be natural and stalwart defenders of Nicaea throughout the fourth century.” (LA, 135) It may, therefore, be surprising to find that the manifesto, issued after this Western meeting in Sirmium in 357, “is clearly Arian in its drastic, consistent and determined subordination of the Son to the Father.” (RH, 346) It said, for example:

"There is no uncertainty about the Father being greater. … This is catholic doctrine, that there are two Persons (personas) of the Father and the Son, and that the Father is greater." (RH, 344-5)

Furthermore, “it attacks N [the Nicene Creed] … directly and openly.” (RH, 347) For example, it says:

"As for the fact that some, or many, are concerned about substance (substantia) which is called, ousia in Greek, that is, to speak more explicitly, homousion, or homoeusion as it is called, there should be no mention of it whatever." (RH, 344-5)

Ossius was the chairperson of the Council of Nicaea. However, “Ossius signed it (the Sirmian manifesto).” (RH, 346)

Lewis Ayres concludes:

• “The East/West or Greek/Latin division which is often used as a primary dividing marker between varieties of fourth- and fifth-century Trinitarian theology is of far less significance than is usually thought.” (LA, 6)
• “Some writers still persist in assuming that theologies in the early fourth century can be divided between east and west, the westerners resolutely ‘beginning’ from the unity of God, easterners somehow naturally prone to a more diverse account of Father, Son, and Spirit.” Ayres describes this as “nonsensical.” (LA, 52)

After a number of preliminary conferences accompanying an inevitable campaign of pamphleteering in which Hilary of Poitiers took part, the bishops of the Western portion of the Empire met at Ariminum towards the end of May, and those of the East at Seleucia Isauria in the month of September, 359. The theological complexion of both Synods was identical, at least in this, that the party of compromise, represented at Seleucia by Acacius and at Ariminum by Ursacius and Valens, was politically, though not numerically, in the ascendant and could exercise a subtle influence which depended almost as much on the argumentative ability of their leaders as on their curial prestige. In both councils, as the result of dishonest intrigue and an unscrupulous use of intimidation, the Homoian formula associated with the name of Acacius ultimately prevailed.

It was Acacius and his followers who had managed the whole proceeding from the outset. By coming forward as advocates of temporizing methods, they had inspired the Eusebian or Semi-Arian party with the idea of throwing over Atius and his Anomoeans. As they had proved themselves in practice all through the course of the unlooked-for movement that brought them to the front, so were they now, in theory, the exponents of the Via Media of their day.

The Acacians separated themselves from the Athanasians and Niceans, by the rejection of the word "homoousios"; from the Semi-Arians by their surrender of the "homoiousios"; and from the Aetians by their insistence upon the term homoios.

They retained their influence as a distinct party just so long as their spokesman and leader Acacius enjoyed the favour of Constantius. Under Julian the Apostate, Atius, who had been exiled as the result of the proceedings at Seleucia, was allowed to regain his influence. The Acacians seized the occasion to make common cause with his ideas, but the alliance was only political; they threw him over once more at the Synod of Antioch held under Jovian in 363.

In 365 the Semi-Arian Synod of Lampsacus condemned Acacius. His theological ideas were considered too extreme by the Semi-Arians. He was deposed from his seat, and with that event the history of the party to which he had given his name, in all practicality, ended.